Visa Sponsorship Marketing Group

rP os t CASE SPM-5 DATE 7/22/03 VISA SPONSORSHIP merchandise op yo endorse was the worlds leading allowance dent and its vision was to be The populaces trump come out Way to Pay. In 2002, endorse- gradeed bill of fares ( conviction debit and prepaid integrated purchasing and business products)1 generated to a greater extent(prenominal) than $2. 4 cardinal in annual wad tota guide much than duadless gazillion separate world-wide, and were accepted in over 150 countries and territories. endorse was among the nigh sphericly recognized punctuatemarks and it held 7. 1 pct share of global personalised consumption expenditures (PCE). Its U. S. tagline, Its eerywhere you indispensableness to be, had become decompose of the the Statesn lexicon. appendage A and expose 1 win summary training on visa. tC visa attributed an burning(prenominal) disassociate of its success to broad(prenominal) profile grassships much(prenominal) as its surpassing Games patr onizeship. endorse in every case helpered many an(prenominal) imports such as the rugger entry Cup, Best of Broadway, the Toronto Film Festival, NASCAR, the NFL, the indorse Triple Crown, and the Paralympics, and has an foreign al nonpareiliance with The Walt Disney Company.In the f alone of 2002, endorse announced its conclusion to extend its prodigious Games donorship by means of 2012. Its original donorship deal was structured th uncut the 2004 games in capital of Greece, but the sponsorship was extensive beca office the helpership had become increasingly successful over judgment of conviction. The deal would extend a dealinghip ming direct with indorse and the surpassing Games that started in 1986. The c every last(predicate)er-out pass an additional two to sparklele beats that of the sponsorship tilt it pays for advertisement, promotions, and different efforts to maximize the quantify of the ponsorship non an irregular numerate for such sponsorships. 1 No endorse external was comprised of six close to regional operating organizations Asia-Pacific Canada Central & Eastern Europe, Middle East & Africa (CEMEA) European Union Latin America & Caribbean the United States. in spite of its global re clean, visa remained very much a topical anaesthetic organization. Its regional offices had a mellowed degree of operating and merchandising autonomy. endorse felt that beca pulmonary tuberculosis its regional organizations were hand-to-hand to their local markets, they k raw(a) outgo how to help member institutions serve their guests.Do Debit products tout ensemble toldowed consumers to recover their checking or bank deposit accounts directly. Debit products gave consumers the choice to pay now, whereas credit products allowed consumers to pay later, and prepaid products to pay before. 2 Personal consumer expenditure stand for the market value of all goods and profits leveraged by households and nonprofit inst itutions, excluding the purchase of homes. In 2003, global PCE was at $19 trillion and was comprised primarily of gold and check payments. endorse had an average annual augment in its share of global PCE of 12 percent over the prior quintet years. Victoria Chang on the watch this case infra the supervision of Professor George Foster as the institution for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective use of an administrative situation. Copyright 2003 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford junior-grade University. All rights reserved. To wander copies or gather up permission to reproduce materials, email the eccentric person Writing glumice at emailprotected stanford. du or bring by dint of Case Writing Office, Stanford Graduate School of Business, 518 Memorial Way, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5015. No fixate off of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, use in a spreadsheet, or transmitte d in any organize or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other without the permission of the Stanford Graduate School of Business. This chronicle is authoritative for use settle down by Hadi Nejatian until whitethorn 2013. write or plug-in is an ravishment of copyright. emailprotected harvard. du or 617. 783. 7860. visa Sponsorship market SPM-5 rP os t p. 2 Thomas Shepard, indorses executive misdeed death chair of international selling, participatorships, and sponsorship, played a central parting in convincing endorses six regional plug-ins and its international board to allow endorse to extend its surpassings and Paralympic sponsorship. The sponsorship gave and would keep to entertain indorse and its member financial institutions (i. e. , banks and credit unions) exclusive selling rights, including publicizing and promotional use of the majestic ring and other graphics.visa in addition would be entitled to exclusivity with works under majestic control, including online performances, ticket sales, and surpassing-themed even sots. SPONSORSHIP MARKETING op yo In the summer of 2003, Shepard and his group ga at that placed at endorses international headquarters hardened in Foster City, California, to reflect on the relate and lessons of its past sponsorship activities. Specifically, they aforethought(ip) to discuss the current corporate outline and done this process refine the existing sponsorship strategy. The current corporate strategy punctuate greater involvement in the field of entertainment.An outgrowth was selecting and swear outing with rising partners such as The Walt Disney Company (2002). General Sponsorship selling No tC Sports market was an important selling weapons platform for many companies see Exhibit 2 (Panel A). Sports sponsorship was often a key component of sports market. in that respect were many ways to own/sponsor befittingties by an event title or presenting title a naming rights sponsor of dissipated venues a living level partner a supplier and/or licensee or a media sponsor suspensor endorser. In several instances, companies who did non decreedly sponsor events participated in lying in wait market techniques. Companies typicly sponsored general properties and sports events to 1) substantiate customer family relationships, 2) acquire bran-new customers, and 3) cater incentives for their retail distribution channels. 4 In 2002, global sponsorship slip bying r distributivelyed $24. 4 zillion. In the U. S. alone, companies spent $9. 4 billion on sponsorships in 2001. 5 According to Shepard, sponsorship trade had change magnitude in popularity due to globalization new access points, including new media that allowed companies to r from severally one consumers in very segmented ways and convergence of the sports and entertainment industries.Do Most major consumer brands leveraged sponsorship selling to enhance their marke ting efforts. For example, fit in to sponsorship consultancy IEG, in 2002, Anheuser Busch spent between $215 and $220 zillion on sponsorship marketing, PepsiCo. between $190 and $195 one thousand thousand, and Nike between $105 and $ cx one trillion million million. According to IEG, endorse, MasterCard, and American Express to germinateher spent $150 to $clxv million on all types of sponsorship in the U. S. in 2001. endorse and MasterCard severally spent $65 to $70 million, making them respectively the 11th and twelfth largest spenders on sponsorship.American Express spent $20 to $25 million and was class-conscious 49th. These make waters wholly include the rights to purchase properties. Big-time sponsors such as these companies typically spent two to terzetto times as much promoting their official 3 Ambush marketing was when companies who did non officially sponsor properties led consumers to extrapolate that they were part of the official event through marketing, ad vertisements, or other marketing methods. 4 Winning the Sports Sponsorship Game, Bank selling multinational, June 24, 2002, p. 8. 5Michael McCarthy, Sports Sponsorship Game Heating Up, regular army Today, June 12, 2002, p. 3B. This papers is classical for use only by Hadi Nejatian until May 2013. copy or visor is an infringement of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. visa Sponsorship market SPM-5 rP os t p. 3 sponsorship status as they paid to ingest that official status. The price of entry is what you pay for the piazza, verbalise Shepard. Where you really start to spend, and draw and quarter the most recognises, is in the marketing tools that your constituencies need the advertise programs, promotional templates, nd onsite efforts. William Chipps, senior editor of IEG Sponsorship Report, a Chicago-based sponsorship newsletter, concord by stating that in order to be worthwhile, endorses total surpassing expenditure infallible to be at least three to 4 dollars on marketing for every dollar paid for the sponsorship and that did not include its media buy. A guild can sponsor an event, but the sponsorship isnt going to do much for them unless they spend some extra bills to activate it through consumer sweepstakes or client cordial reception6, verbalize Chipps. Sports Sponsorship Marketing p yo Sports marketing was a particularly high-stakes game. In 2002, in the U. S. alone, companies annually spent $9. 4 billion on sports sponsorships. 7 In 2001, companies spent $6. 5 billion on sports sponsorships in the U. S. , up from $2. 1 billion in 1992. 8 In the U. S. sponsorship market, sports held the largest market share, or 69 percent of the total sponsorship market in 2001, up 10 percent from $5. 9 in 2000. 9 IEG expected sports sponsorships to extend in future years and to outpace the rate of growth in general sponsorship spend. tCAccording to some analysts, sports marketing was much complicated than simply putting a logo on a shirt Part of the problem is that some clients and agencies regard that the sport they align with allow do the marketing contemplate by itself. In reality, to be effective at sports marketing requires the similar attention to detail as any other discipline. 10 Andrew Hampel, managing director, Europe, of the sports marketing group, IMG, commented Sports sponsorship may give you the right to talk to customers, but if you want to differentiate anything worthwhile about your brand, you fall in to engage them at a make out of levels.The starting point is always to identify your target audience and mountain your objectives. When you know what you want to do, choose a sport that you can r distributively and leverage it creatively through above-the-line advertise, PR, sales promotion, hospitality, and community tie-ins average as you would do in any well-orchestrated non-sport strategy. 11 No VISA SPONSORSHIP MARKETING STRATEGY AND PROCESS indorse sponsored events such as the prodigious Games, the Best of Broadway, NASCAR, NFL, the endorse Triple Crown, the Walt Disney Company, and the Paralympics see Exhibits 3 and 4.Shepard discussed how sponsorship could help endorse meliorate upon and alter its brand enter Do Within the payment service manufacturing, were doing research that shows how consumers view the brand. Weve acquire that we are very applic sufficient in the souls 6 Hospitality programs include free tickets, plump packages, and corporate events hosted by senior endorse commission. Beyond sports sponsorships, companies spent over $27 billion on traditional sports advertising and more than $1 billion on endorsements and Internet advertisements. 8 Michael McCarthy, Sports Sponsorship Game Heating Up, USA Today, June 12, 2002, p. B. 9 Winning the Sports Sponsorship Game, Bank Marketing International, June 24, 2002, p. 8. 10 Andy Fry, Beyond BrandingSports Marketing is More Complicated than Putting a Logo on a Shirt, Sport s Marketing, March 29, 2002, p. 26. 11 ibid.7 This memorandum is authorized for use only by Hadi Nejatian until May 2013. copy or posting is an infringement of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. endorse Sponsorship Marketing SPM-5 rP os t p. 4 of consumers and stool a world-shaking impact on consumer lifestyle. indorse gives sight piece of mind and people use their card game everyday.They believe were a timberland organization, but were not beholdd as preposterous. Thats what we have worked on and thats what sponsorship can help us achieve. endorses sponsorship portfolio was besides skewed toward male and low-end markets in some cases and we are equilibrize our portfolio as a result of this research. Periodically, visa embarked on a sponsorship review where the sponsorship group up made sure that its objectives paralleled visas corporate objectives. Our sponsorship marketing objectives are grounded in corporate objectives and executed through th e brand value proposition, explained Shepard. p yo Sponsorship Development Cycle visa divided its sponsorship opportunities into three victimisation cycles 1) emerging markets (name apprehension, branding, and product sampling), 2) maturing markets (name building, signage, advertising, public relations, and promotions), and 3) mature markets (presence, products, partnerships, and alternative media). In this lowest mature market category, visa sought to differentiate its product from competitors. Sponsorship plectron Criteria and Internal Integration tCvisas sponsorship selection criteria include the pursuance 1) brand fit, 2) economic consumption stimulation on behalf of Visas members, 3) event write up/credibility, 4) broad reach, 5) governing body control, 6) advocacy creation, 7) low risk, 8) events marketing plan, 9) ease of implementation, and 10) strong member interest. Shepard commented on the challenges of evaluating long-term sponsorship opportunities on that point are a make out of new payment schemes out there in the payments industry and looking out into the future to try to figure out what the landscape is going to look like is probably the hardest part of evaluating any sponsorship opportunity. Sponsorship Marketing Platforms and Marketing Mix Do No Shepard discussed Visas sponsorship marketing platforms and marketing mix The shoes Visa is associated with is all about creating platforms. From an advertising platform standpoint, we try out to build aware(predicate)ness and imagination and corroboration member acquisition/usage. From a promotional platform standpoint, we seek to increase usage and partner with strong brands. From a corporate relations platform, we seek to enhance impact/reach of other marketing efforts, streng then our corporate reputation and image, and improve employee relations through employee programs (e. . an event with Disney, Visas sponsor, to show employees why Visa decided to partner with Disney). From a pro duct platform standpoint, we seek to showcase new technologies launch new products and dilate infrastructure on site. (Exhibit 5. ) To implement sponsorship marketing platforms, Visa commencement exercise conducted core/primary consumer research and then held an initial task military strength meeting and promotional briefing. It believed in developing a multi-agency promotional platform where various advertising agencies and internal onstituents developed and tested the marketing and promotional concepts as a team. This document is authorized for use only by Hadi Nejatian until May 2013. write or posting is an infringement of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Visa Sponsorship Marketing SPM-5 rP os t p. 5 THE OLYMPIC GAMES Overview op yo The exceptional Games transcended governmental and geographical boundaries to deliver international exposure, broad-based audience appeal, and a wide clip of cultural and sporting events appealing to virtually every de mographic.For example, during the exceptional Games in Sydney (2000 spend), more than 3. 7 billion viewers across 220 countries watched over 3,500 hours of reporting totaling 36. 1 billion viewing hours while athletes from 80 of the 200 countries act earned 928 medals. During the season Lake City Games (2002 Winter), 2. 1 billion global viewers in 160 countries amassed 13. 1 billion viewer hours. Exhibit 6 shows U. S. television coverage and ratings for each Games since 1960. Despite recent surpassing scandals (see Appendix C), many corporations still continued to sponsor the event.Indeed, many of the 10 ecumenic sponsors had very long associations with the International Olympic Committee (Exhibit 2, Panel B). tC From 1988 to 2002, Visa USA had donated more than $9 million to the U. S. Olympic squad to help fulfill the ideates of Americas Olympic athletes and hopefuls. Although exact sponsorship figures were not dis disagreeable, in 2002, TOP (The Olympic start-off mates) sponsors paid over $50 million for a four-year sponsorship cycle. Visas members received hospitality benefits due to Visas sponsor status, as well as a guaranteed written report of rooms and tickets for member and client entertainment (e. . Visa had invited approximately 800 guests to flavor Lake City). Visas members could excessively sponsor an individual athlete or team, use the Olympic theme in marketing promotions (from TV advertising to product literature) or issue Olympic cards with the Olympic rings or a picture of the specific athlete or team they were sponsoring without paying extra fees. Since Visa began its Olympic sponsorship, its members had issued more than 21 million Visa cards bearing the exclusive Olympic rings. NoShepard explained Visas rationale for sponsoring the Olympics We look at the equities that a property brings to us to develop our business. We seek out sponsorships that generate advocacy at the highest end of the consumer spending pyramid. If you look at the Olympics, its a perfect fit for us. Olympic brand equities include being at the pinnacle of its category having global appeal standing for excellence having broad-based consumer awareness and acceptance having global reach with local impact and participation and standing for leadership.Visas brand equities of industry leadership global yet local accepted everywhere in advance(p) and modern and service excellence parallel Olympic brand equities. Visa probably could work on innovativeness, though, because were not know as the most innovative brand. Do Matt Beispiel, actor vice president for Visa said The key is that the Olympics really fit into our overall strategy, which is align Visa with the high hat. Its a one-of-a-kind event, e particular(a)ly in this country, where Americans are attract with the Olympic Games. Those five rings really are very, very meaningful.Our hope, with all of our marketing efforts somewhat the Olympic Games, is that all of the goodwill and g ood feelings that people have (in) about those five rings will attach to the Visa brand. 12 12 Lisa Riley Roche, Some of Visas TV Ads to Promote 02 Games, relinquish News, April 6, 2000, p. E01. This document is authorized for use only by Hadi Nejatian until May 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Visa Sponsorship Marketing SPM-5 rP os t p. 6 op yo In November 2002, Visa announced that it would be transmutation its Olympic sponsorship through 2012.As a result of the renewed agreement, Visa would be the exclusive payment card and official payment service for the four Olympic Games following capital of Greece (Summer 2004). This included the Winter Games in Torino in 2006, the Summer Games in Beijing in 2008, the Winter Games in Vancouver in 2010, and the 2012 Games (locations yet to be situated). Shepard discussed Visas continuation of its Olympic sponsorship through 2012 I presented to Visas six regional boards to get the international board to allow us to sponsor the Olympics through 2012.They asked us, Arent you subject to exorbitant fees to make sure that Visa owns the category in TV in the U. S. and thats something that we and other sponsors must evaluate. It is a bellly opportunity. We cannot unspoiled look at the cost of the property. We have to look at the cost of the property plus the television rights that we have to acquire, the manufacturing of all the commercials that we have to do, and so on Millions of dollars were rolled up into this decision. The question is, how can we best leverage the property and how can we make a business case for sponsoring the property. Malcolm Williamson, CEO and hot seat of Visa International said In the eight years following the Athens Games, Visas corporate sponsorship is expected to provide intimately $40 million in financial support to National Olympic Committees and through to the athletes in support of their quest to participate in the Olympic dream. 13 According to Williamson, Its taken us a bulk of time to get value out of that Olympic property. Over the years since 1986, Visa member banks have become more involved and derived greater benefit from the sponsorship.Williamson believed that extending the sponsorship until 2012 would enable these 21,000 banks to have the confidence to go on leveraging this property and recognize that were not going to change course. 14 tC Evolution of Olympic Sponsorship Do No Shepard discussed the progression of Visas involvement with the Olympics Weve raised the bar with the Olympics. When we first started with the Olympics, we were just trying to get our name out and use it as an advertising platform. Our sponsorship strategy has evolved to one with a global platform with local relevance an integrated marketing approach and n expanded window of opportunity beyond just the Olympic Games. Shepard continued In Albertville (1992 Winter), we started to engage and build marketing pr ograms for all of our member financial institutions. We expanded member and merchandiser participation globally. In Barcelona (1992 Summer), we expanded Visas presence in the host urban center for the first time by engaging the merchandiser community and having onsite profile with our own service centers. In Lillehammer (1994 Winter), it was the first time we rolled out a global corporate relations platform and really started to get visibility throughout the urban center and we began sponsoring teams.In Atlanta (1996 Summer), it was the first time we did anything spaciotemporal on site with our products. We issued a stored value product pre-paid cards that was marginally successful. Our hospitality program, ATM infrastructure, and Customer Service Center hosting were all significantly large than those at previous games. In Nagano (1999 Winter), we had overkill in terms of our visibility and we learned that we needed to have a comprehensive effort because at Nagano we 13 Visa Extends Olympic Games Sponsorship for octonary More Years, Visa Press Release, November 11, 2002. Visa Website http//www. visa. com/globalgateway/gg_selectcountry. tml? retcountry=1. 14 Visa Breaks Olympic participate for Sponsorship, Bank Marketing International, January 22, 2003, p. 8. This document is authorized for use only by Hadi Nejatian until May 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Visa Sponsorship Marketing SPM-5 rP os t p. 7 had five different Visa logos. Also in Nagano, ab initio only 6 percent of the merchandisers took Visa, but by the time we finished, we had a 1,000 percent increase in merchant acceptance of Visa cards. We as well consent Nagano as a platform and template for a lot of our other Asian activities. OLYMPICS INTEGRATED MARKETING PROGRAM For the Olympic Games, Visa focused on creating an integrated marketing program which included creating a central marketing theme a look of the Ga mes member and merchant programs advertising promotions public relations athlete relationships host city partner/presence programs onsite activation capabilities and hospitality. (Examples are in Exhibits 7 and 8. ) op yo Central Marketing Theme and Look of the Games For the 2002 Olympic Winter Games in flavor Lake City, Visa bring into beingd an integrated marketing platform centered on a marketing theme, Youve got what it takes. Shepard said this central marketing theme spoke to the core brand position of superior acceptance, to the athletes who were the core of the Olympics, to Visa cardholders, and to Visa employees. Visas look also complemented the Salt Lake Olympic Committees look and feel. share and merchandiser Programs and Promotions tC For the Salt Lake City Games, Visa spend a pennyd member and merchant programs in which 500 members slightly the world utilized Visas rights in the form of statement inserts, templates, and other promotional campaigns.Members were its banks, credit unions, and other financial institutions issuing Visa products. More than 50 million statement inserts bring out Visas Olympic marketing programs were distributed to consumers. Visa received an peculiar 100 percent participation in its member programs from its top 12 U. S. members during the Salt Lake City Games. Of the top members, 75 percent conducted multiple programs that cover multiple lines of business (credit, debit, commercial, employee incentives, etc. ). Do No Merchants received substantiating association with the Olympics through Visa.For the Salt Lake Games, statement inserts included offers such as Olympics-related sweepstakes. Fifty-four member sweepstakes programs were also developed during the Salt Lake City Games. For example, each time cardholders used their Visa cards, they were automatically entered to win a trip to the Olympics. Linda Cullinan, a vice president of Intrust Bank of Wichita, Kansas, said it had elect to ally with Visa over MasterC ard in part because of the prestige associated with the Olympic Games. Intrust used some of the Visa Olympic promotional inserts in statements sent to its 100,000 card account holders.Though Visa offered Intrust a better deal financially, Visas standing in the market was the single most important factor in the branding decision, followed by the promotions they run and the acceptability of those promotions, she said. 15 In 1994 Visa also launched another worldwide public relations program effort called the Visa Olympics of the Imagination, a childrens art engagement. Children ages 9 to 13 from various 15 Lavonne KuyKendall, Gauging Value Has gamey Degree of Difficulty, The American Banker, February 27, 2002, p. 1. This document is authorized for use only by Hadi Nejatian until May 2013.Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Visa Sponsorship Marketing SPM-5 rP os t p. 8 countries were invited to submit art slightly a desi gnated theme. For the Atlanta Summer games, Visa asked children to invent and then illustrate an Olympic sport of the future, and write about how that sport would promote global peace and unity. For the contest in Nagano, children were asked to create artwork featuring a person they admired, engaged in a Winter Olympic sport. Winners received free trips to the Olympic Games.For the Atlanta Games, the contest garnered positive coverage in more than 1,000 newspapers, print, TV, and radio outlets in more than 50 countries and Visa received approximately 600 million media impressions. Mike Sherman, vice president of corporate relations at Visa in San Francisco said Thats like getting a story in The Wall path Journal every day for a year. 16 op yo Merchant programs included online and offline efforts. During the Salt Lake City Games, merchants such as Federated, Nordstrom, CompUSA, and Gap. com participated in merchant programs by promoting trips to the Olympics if consumers used their Visa cards.Prior to Salt Lake, merchants ordered over 1 million point-of-sale signs and over 15,000 merchants participated in merchant programs. announce tC Advertising was a significant part of Visas integrated marketing program. During the Sydney Games, Visa launched two television spots highlighting its Olympic ties during the tops(predicate) Bowl (nine months early). Visa typically tailored its advertising to reflect the droll aspects of each Olympic setting. As you go from Olympics to Olympics, each one has a different feel and tone. We try to develop a concept that suits each one, said Beispiel. What we wanted to exploit this year Sydney 2000 are the unique aspects of the Australia Olympics. The dream with no boundaries theme is a way to capitalize on the order and boundless nature of that continent. 17 No Television dominated the advertising mix for the Sydney campaign. Visa purchased exclusive rights on the NBC Olympic broadcast and was the only advertiser in its categor y during the Games coverage on that network as well as MSNBC and CNBC. Visa also bought exclusive rights on the local NBC stations in the top dozen markets. Other advertising included radio, print, and online advertising.Early Visa television advertisements highlighted places that accepted Visa but not American Express. This campaign was developed in 1985 by BBDO. It was intended to separate the Visa brand from MasterCard, said Beispiel. We have twain brands that functionally do the like thing and we needed to somehow separate the brands in the mind of the consumers to trigger our business ahead. 18 Athlete Relationships Do Visa developed relationships with athletes around the world. In the U. S. , Visa had sponsored the go team since 1986 and for Salt Lake, extended its athlete sponsorship into other sports such as snowboarding, bobsledding (e. . Jean Racine and Jen Davidson), freestyle, figure skating (e. g. 16 Visa Press Release, September 8, 1997, volume 53, issue 25. Visa K icks Off Olympic-Themed Campaign, Bank Advertising News, February 21, 2000, volume 24, issue 4, p. 1. 18 Ibid. 17 This document is authorized for use only by Hadi Nejatian until May 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Visa Sponsorship Marketing SPM-5 rP os t p. 9 Sasha Cohen) and other athletes in the Paralympics. Visa also sponsored the Canadian bobsleigh team, the Russian hockey team, and the Japanese ski jumping team.During the Salt Lake City Games, Visa directly tied athletes into its efforts through a usage study called unmatchable Year, One Card, with three hopefuls (two Olympians and one Paralympian). Each agreed in March 2001 to give up currency and checks as part of Visas One Year, One Card program. Two of the three (one out due to injury) successfully completed the program in February 2002, by and by spending a year writing no checks and using cash only for purchases under $10. Destination MarketingHos t City better half/Presence Programs op yoVisa was the first worldwide Olympic partner to launch speech marketing programs linked to the Olympic Games host cities. Visas strategy was to extend the benefit of its Olympics sponsorship beyond the actual Olympic Games We have been able to stretch the marketing window from the duration of the Olympics to a four to five year result, said Shepard. We have a worldwide sponsorship of touristry, merchants, and advertising, which neer stops. Visa assisted its partners and members in creating local and regional incremental value and benefits around the Olympic Games.Sydney proved to be the gold standard of Visas last marketing efforts, according to Shepard. In Sydney, Visa generated more than $40 million in marketing value for Australia for the Sydney Olympic Games over the four-year period leading up to the Olympic Games in 2000. 19 Shepard stated tC Sydney was our most robust case of generating volume for our Visa network of members. W e still have partnerships from that time period that are around today such as the Australian touristry Commission, the Sydney ruler and Visitors pectus, etc. Weve really penetrated the merchant community in Sydney.Sydney became our gold standard. And we continued this effort in Salt Lake City. In Athens (Summer 2004), were looking to use Athens as a pan-European footprint, extending our reach beyond Greece. No In the Salt Lake Games, Visa created national television commercials that highlighted Olympic athletes and Utah as a destination during the Games. One spot titled Surfing, featured the Wasatch Powderbird Guides, a Utah-based helicopter ski and snowboard company. We have changed our methodology in the 16 years since we first started sponsoring the Olympic games, said Sherman. DoOur campaign for the 1988 Calgary Olympics was all about branding and we focused on the 17 days surrounding the games. Then in 1994, we axiom that Visa was going to have to adapt its marketing to mak e it closer to tourism and spread its efforts over a much longer period. We realized that we had to work with the Olympic city before, during, and afterward the Games in order to derive the best benefits for our members. We asked ourselves why host cities bid for the games and we realized the answer came down to showcasing the city to the world. Not only do the games bring tourists to the Olympic city, but also they create a large 9 Visa Website http//www. visa. com/globalgateway/gg_selectcountry. html? retcountry=1. This document is authorized for use only by Hadi Nejatian until May 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Visa Sponsorship Marketing SPM-5 rP os t p. 10 halo effect that lasts beyond the games. Prior to the 1992 Olympics, Barcelona was the 16th most popular tourist destination in Europe. In 1993, it was the third. There was a similar kind of lift in Australia after the 2000 games. 20The Division of tur n on Development in Utah, where the Winter Olympics took place in February 2002, stated One judgement of the improved visibility the state has received during and after the Olympics has been the preserve increase in visits to the Division of Travel Developments consumer website, Utah. com. During February 2002, the number of visitors to the site increased by over 200 percent to intimately 700,000 visitors (compared to a typical month of 220,000). Since the conclusion of the Games, interest has remained high. The number of visitors to the Utah. om website has remained at approximately 400,000, nearly 80 percent above its pre-Games level. 21 op yo Furthermore, during the Salt Lake Games, surrounding areas saw sales on Visa payment cards increase 30 percent over the same period in 2001, and 23 percent over the prior month. The Salt Lake Convention and Visitors Bureau reported that overall, 55 percent of reservations were made on Visa cards, up from 46 percent in 2001 and 41 percent in 2000. 22 As an organization, Visas involvement in the Olympics went well beyond corporate self interest, said Dianne Binger, president and CEO of the Salt Lake Convention & Visitors Bureau. Visa developed a true partnership with Salt Lakes hospitality community. Their support helped to ensure the success of the Games, as well as our continued success as a world class die destination. 23 Onsite Activation and Marketing No tC Onsite marketing activities were also an important component of Visas integrated marketing program. At Salt Lake City, Visa had its ATM networks at or near all arguing and noncompetition venues, including two diligent ATMs, 650 new point-of-sale acceptance terminals at Olympic venues, and a customer learning center to help visitors with mixed-up or stolen cards and Games-related questions.Visa believed these efforts helped build consumers awareness and reinforced Visa as the payment brand of choice. Visa pointed to its improvements by showing that Visas v olume throughout the Olympic venues at Salt Lake City exceeded the 2000 Sydney Games by more than $2 million, even though the Sydney Games were four times larger. 24 Shepard described onsite challenges Do As a product platform in our sponsorship marketing platforms, weve used the Olympics to showcase a lot of our products from a Visa cash platform in Atlanta to a number of our mobile commerce solutions that were investing in right now.However, were obligated for the infrastructure on site, which has the potential of becoming the programs Achilles detent because a lot can go wrong onsite. For that reason, a lot of care and onsite management goes into creating and maintaining the systems. 20 Visa Launches Marketing for 2004 Olympics, Bank Marketing International, December 31, 2002, p. 4. Ibid. 22 Visa Website http//www. visa. com/globalgateway/gg_selectcountry. html? retcountry=1. 23 Visa Honored with Salt Lake Convention & Visitors Bureau Tourism Achievement Award, Visa Press Relea se, July 11, 2002.Visa Website http//www. visa. com/globalgateway/gg_selectcountry. html? retcountry=1. 24 Becky Saeger, Visa Has What it Takes at the Olympics, Marketers Forum, April 2002, Vol. 6, no. 3, p. 30. 21 This document is authorized for use only by Hadi Nejatian until May 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Visa Sponsorship Marketing SPM-5 ATHENS SUMMER GAMES 2004 rP os t p. 11 For the Athens Olympics, there would be 11 worldwide or TOP sponsors, each in a different product category.As one of the worldwide sponsors, Visa was the exclusive payment card and official payment service of the Athens Games and would be the only card accepted at all Olympic Games venues for all official Olympic-related transactions. Visa plotted to install a special Olympic ATM network and hundreds of point-of-sale acceptance devices at the International Press center, the International Broadcast Centre, and the Olympic Athletes Vil throw awaye. The Visa Service Centre (VSC) would provide multilingual emergency services and general assistance to cardholders.Visa also sponsored the Visa Olympians Reunion Center where Olympians could congregate and relax. It had also planned to support teams such as the U. S. gymnastics, track and field, ski and snowboard, hockey, and figure skating teams. tC op yo In terms of its members, Visa planned to utilize the Games as a sponsorship platform by offering marketing tie-ins and opportunities for international exposure and image enhancement. Similar to Sydney and Salt Lake City, Visa planned to conduct destination marketing campaigns with the host city during future Games.In November 2002, Visa and the Greek National Tourism Organization (GNTO) formed a global alliance to promote Greece worldwide as a key travel destination and showcase Visas sponsorship of the Athens Games. Visa planned to use advertising, direct mail, cardholder communications, and Olympic promotions in more than 50 countries to promote Greece as a travel destination. One program would feature the say development and creation of an information booth to service visitors, providing information concerning tourist issues. Visa also planned to eature Greece on its Visa Destinations online travel site and planned to promote Greece with its hotel and airway travel partners. We are packaging trips to Greece and to the Greek islands which can be offered as prizes to Visa card users, said Shepard. No As an extension of its Olympic sponsorship, Visa also planned to sponsor the Paralympic Games in Athens in 2004 for the first time (Visa had supported the Paralympic Games in other ways at various other Olympics). Visas sponsorship resulted in the first Visa Paralympic Website, accessible to people with vision, hearing, and mobility challenges.Visas members would help deliver the messages of the Paralympic Games (Pursuit, Strength, Inspiration, and Celebration). Visa hoped that its sponsorship of the Paralympic Games would create an affinity between its brand and the disabled community and their families worldwide. Shepard noted There are 750 million people worldwide with disabilities. If we can create something applicable for them and their families, we will be creating a partnership with them for mutual benefit. RUGBY gentleman CUP DoThe Rugby World Cup (RWC) was considered to be the third most-watched sporting event in the world behind the Olympic Games and the FIFA World (Soccer) Cup. In October/November 2003, 20 rugby football union playing nations would contest the RWC in Australia. The International Rugby Board (IRB) had held qualifying matches over four years around the world to qualify the 20 nation participants. The first RWC was held in 1987 (Exhibit 9). This document is authorized for use only by Hadi Nejatian until May 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860.Visa Sponsorship Marketing SPM-5 r P os t p. 12 op yo The RWC was expected to lure 40,000 international visitors to Australia in 2003. Visa had been a sponsor of the RWC since 1995. Coca-Cola paid $3. 5 million to secure both the 1999 and 2003 World Cups. In May 2002, Visa renewed its RWC sponsorship as an Official Worldwide Partner and official payment service of RWC. It had planned to use the sponsorship to deliver unique benefits to its members and Visa cardholders, including providing up to 10,000 tickets for cardholders to win worldwide when Visa cards were used during merchant and cardholder promotions. With banks and branches in virtually every nation around the world, Visas members and merchants can effectively market the RWC programs and special offers to hundreds of millions of cardholders worldwide, observed Shepard. It will be our responsibility to provide our members with effective and profitable RWC marketing programs. 25 Shepard also noted In 1999, we had RWC promotional programs underway in all major rugby markets from Australia to Argentina and from the U. K. to South Africa.Visa members worldwide once more will have exclusive opportunities to use RWC 2003 in their Visa marketing, advertising, and promotions and provide unique offers to their cardholders and merchants. 26 Visa also planned to use its ongoing partnerships with Australias tourism and convention associations to create even greater synergism with RWC 2003, promoting increased tourism to Australia. Visa planned to develop a joint program with the IRB (International Rugby Board) to develop a Visa/Rugby World Cup Classic TV series that would include four rugby legends, winning players and captains of 1995 and 1999 former Rugby World Cups.The program would feature former great rugby players talking about rugbys greatest moments and the program would be distributed worldwide. Visa promotions included international promotions that encouraged consumers to use their Visa cards to win trips to the RWC. In terms of corporat e hospitality, Visa brought its merchant partners and members to the RWC. No tC Shepard discussed Visas rationale for sponsoring the event Visa recognized rugbys great promise after we sponsored the 1995 Rugby World Cup on a regional foothold and then globally for RWC 1999 in Wales.It was a diamond in the rough in 1999, and has continued to develop as a valuable gem. The fondness and passion that rugby fans engender and the vast potential for marketing to its chase worldwide are what attracted us to this event. Rugby World Cup provides Visa with a major global marketing platform reaching some of our most important markets around the world. Visa plans to tap into the passion and tonicity of rugby to deliver unique, highly visible business opportunities to our members and their merchants around the world. 27 DoSheng Li, a sponsorship executive at Visa commented We use the RWC as more of a promotional platform versus our sponsorship of the Olympics, which is more of a brand fomite for us. Thus we run a lot of promotional programs around the RWC. Its a much less expensive investment for us compared to the association football World Cup. We get a lot more value for our money with rugby since the rugby demographic tends to have a lot of spending power. 28 25 Rugby World Cup Press Release, Visa Renews 2003 Rugby World Cup Partnership, May 21, 2002. http//www. rugby2003. com. au/. 26 Ibid. 27 Ibid. 28 Interview with Sheng Li.Subsequent quotes are from this interview unless otherwise noted. This document is authorized for use only by Hadi Nejatian until May 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Visa Sponsorship Marketing SPM-5 rP os t p. 13 Li discussed the challenges of working with the event The RWC is a debased growing event and is experiencing customary growing pains. For example, in the recent past, it had a minimal antiambush marketing program. We are working with them in this area, and we d efinitely come across what they are going through.As a long term partner, we will continue to provide our support to make the RWC an even greater property. NEW ZEALAND whole BLACKS op yo Visa secured sponsorship of the New Zealand All Blacks (rugby team) in advance of the 1999 Rugby World Cup. At that time, the All Blacks were considered a favorite to win. Visa hoped that the sponsorship of the All Blacks, have with its sponsorship of the RWC would provide both local (All Blacks) and global (RWC) marketing platforms leading up to the RWC. However, the All Black sponsorship turned out to be much more of a challenge than Visa had originally expected.Shepard stated We wanted to sponsor the All Blacks but during the process, we couldnt get the necessary access from them for appearances, relevant marketing programs, tickets or for other alignment opportunities, and most importantly they were not very proactive or effective in terms of ambush marketing protection. The All Blacks also did not seem to value what we were livery to the table in terms of global network and communication so we mutually decided not to continue the sponsorship. In retrospect, we were also not engaged enough and didnt get enough visibility in the marketplace for the property. tCIn February 2003, the All Blacks gestural on MasterCard as its official payment card. In addition to Visas issues with the All Blacks, the New Zealand Rugby Union also caused much public controversy when in late 2002, New Zealand lost its bid to co-host the 2003 Rugby World Cup because it was unable(p) to guarantee stadiums free from advertising ( see Appendix D). This loss led to an inquiry into the management of the New Zealand Rugby Union and a sequent major management shakeup. No F. A. PREMIER LEAGUE Do In 1998, Visa began its sponsorship of the F. A. (Football Association) Premier League in England. The F. A.Premier League was a competition involving 20 Premier League Clubs. These 20 included globally know Super Clubs such as Manchester United, Arsenal, Chelsea, and Liverpool. The league was formed in 1992 to increase popularity and interest in soccer within England. Visas sponsorship extended only to the League, but did not include the individual teams (clubs). Other sponsors could sponsor individual teams as well as individual matches. As a sponsor, Visa paid a set amount and received non-exclusive margin boards (signage at the matches), the rights to use the Premier League logo, and a certain amount of tickets.Li commented When we first started working with the Premier League, it was not as strong as it is today. In addition, at the end of 1999, there was a lot of management turnover at the Premier League. The Super Clubs were the teams that our Members and cardholders were most interested in. However, we had difficulties creating team-related benefits through the League sponsorship structure, especially when we were trying to run promotions outside of the This document is autho rized for use only by Hadi Nejatian until May 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright.emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Visa Sponsorship Marketing SPM-5 rP os t p. 14 U. K. For example, we ran a promotion in Asia to fly winners to England to watch a match between two high-profile teams, but the Premier League did not provide us with adequate assistance. We had to find tickets through other channels. All these factors led us to not renew our sponsorship with the Premier League in 2000. We pet to focus at this time on other sponsorships such as the Olympics. op yo In addition to Visas sponsorship of the F. A.Premier League, the company also sign a separate three-way agreement with the F. A. Premier League and Manchester United, as part of its greater F. A. Premier League sponsorship. Li explained When we first signed on as a sponsor with the Premier League, the League had included the Manchester United Platinum Club sponsorship package which secured th e League sponsors boards and a certain amount of hospitality related to the most successful team. With the Platinum Club, sponsors could also sponsor one Manchester United match in the season. With that match, sponsors would get more tickets, hospitality, etc. SPONSORSHIP PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT tC As sponsorships grew in popularity and became more expensive, sponsors began looking for ways to quantify event marketing value. One of the first techniques used was tracking televised logo time, i. e. , the amount of time a sponsors logo is visible to a television viewer. However, over time, marketing professionals have begun to question the value of this analysis, as flashing a companys logo during an event may have been cheaper than running advertising during the event, but the two many not have been basteable in terms of effectiveness.Companies have begun using a variety of research techniques to measure pre- and post-event results ranging from focus groups to onsite surveys. Do No V isa Performance Measurement Visa often used external consultants to quantify the value generated by the Olympic sponsorship to persuade us first as a management team and the board second that there is a business case for a sponsorship. The results showed that a sponsorship translated directly into tangible benefits such as brand recognition and market share and has a significant value. 29 Since 1986, the number of Visa cards in issue grew from 137 million to just over one billion, while global volume grew from $111 billion to $2. 3 trillion. Since it started sponsoring the Olympics in 1986, Visas market share had risen by 33 percent, to 53 percent, the company said. And when you gain the leverage from the member banks, said Williamson, its an awed property Olympics. 30 Moreover, during the span of Visas Olympic involvement, it had seen brand preference in the U. S. go up it had seen its rating as best overall card rise to 50 percent. 1 Visa cited research showing that more than 66 percent of Americans thought Olympics sponsors deserved their business. Obviously, not all of that is from the Olympics, said Michael Lynch, senior vice president of event and sponsorship marketing. notwithstanding were finding that those who are 29 Visa Breaks Olympic Record for Sponsorship, Bank Marketing International, January 22, 2003, p. 8. Ibid. 31 Visa Extends Olympic Games Sponsorship for Eight More Years Most Successful Sponsorship to Deliver Support through the Games of the XXX Olympiad in 2012, Business Wire, November 11, 2002. 0 This document is authorized for use only by Hadi Nejatian until May 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Visa Sponsorship Marketing SPM-5 rP os t p. 15 aware of our Olympic sponsorship are more likely to use the Visa card than those who are unaware. 32 According to Becky Saeger, executive vice president of brand marketing At Visa, we frequently review our efforts to ensure a call up on investment for our members.Since 1986, no single property has allowed us to build our brand and drive use better than the Olympic Games. Since 1986, Visa volume has grown at a compounded annual rate of 16 percent. Unaided consumer awareness of Visas sponsorship after Sydney was an unprecedented 72 percent, and research shows sponsorship awareness drives Visa brand preference. Finally, the 2002 Games scored record ratings on NBC, modify Visa to reach a larger, more diverse audience than ever before. 33 op yo Visa measured specific campaigns as well.For example, in 1992, it announce that it would donate a percentage of each card transaction to the U. S. Olympic team. Transactions increased by 17 percent. Up until that point, Visa had never received more than a 3 percent increase from any advertising or promotional campaign that it had run. 34 Lynch said it analyzed its sponsorship spending carefully and was still bullish on sponsorship marketing, even at times where the e conomy was lagging. What does end up happening is that a lot of the clutter will go away during times of adversity, he said. It is an opportunity for the leaders to step up. It is important for us to deliver the proper message during those periods. 35 Other Companies No tC Other Olympic sponsors such as Bank of America had their own ways of measuring rod performance. Bank of America had paid less than $55 million as a second-tier sponsor and started to advertise 100 days before the games, spending $60 million on ads alone. It built two branches on the Olympic grounds and brought 83 employees to serve visitors, but looked to Visa to provide ATMs under its category rights.Bank of America measured its sponsorship performance through awareness boosts, stating that it had seen significant increases in awareness since the ads began, though product sales will lag a little further behind. To gauge the boost, the company compared account genesis and card use numbers for the current quarte r with figures from the first and fourth part quarters of the prior year. All the research weve looked at says people perceive Olympic sponsors as leaders in their categories, said Dockery Clark, Bank of Americas sponsorship marketing executive. 6 Do buns Hancock started its Olympic sponsorship in 1993 (in the life insurance/annuities category). Since then, the companys sales have increased 14 percent, while the insurance business had seen an industry-wide drop of 4 percent. By using trips to the Games as an incentive for agents and customers, Hancock calculated that its Olympic investment of approximately $40 million had 32 Miriam Kreinin Souccar, Visas Sponsorship Gives it Inside Lane for Olympic Games, American Banker, November 9, 1999, vol. 264, issue 216, p. 1. 33Becky Saeger, Visa Has What it Takes at the Olympics, Marketers Forum, April 2002, Vol. 6, no. 3, p. 30. 34 http//www. onlinesports. com/sportstrust/sports13. html. 35 Lavonne Kuykendall, War heebie-jeebies Aside, C ard Giants Defending Sponsorship Deals, The American Banker, March 25, 2003, p. 7. 36 Lavonne KuyKendall, Gauging Value Has High Degree of Difficulty, The American Banker, February 27, 2002, p. 1. This document is authorized for use only by Hadi Nejatian until May 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. emailprotected arvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Visa Sponsorship Marketing SPM-5 rP os t p. 16 translated into a $50 million increase in sales, a 21 percent net gain in purchase consideration, and a 53 percent increase in consumers who believed the Boston-based insurer to be a smart and cultivated company. Patrick Finnegan, an analyst for dark-skinneds Investors Service, suggested that Hancocks international business was too atomic to justify a global sponsorship of the Games, however. A 20 percent increase in sales boy, thats a stretch, Finnegan said. When you buy life insurance, you dont think about who sponsored the last Olympics. Replied Hancocks Chairman and CEO, David DAlessandro, Do I attribute all this growth to the Olympics? No. Do I want to drop out of the Olympics to find out? No. 37 THE future(a) Do No tC op yo Visa had raised the bar during each of the Olympics it had sponsored since 1986. It had created an integrated marketing program that ranged from advertising to host city partner/presence programs. Visa had also learned much through its other sponsorships that had posed significant challenges, e. . , its sponsorship of the New Zealand All Blacks. In the summer of 2003, Shepard and his team gathered at Visas International headquarters located in Foster City, California, to reflect on the impact and lessons of its past sponsorship activities. Specifically, they planned to discuss the process of selecting and working with new partners and creating new alliances such as with the Walt Disney Company (2002) how to evaluate the effectiveness of Visas existing sponsorships and how to apply lessons from its existing and past sponso rships to current and future sponsorships. 7 Craig Copetas, Winter Olympics 1998 Despite the Enormous Costs, Sponsors Swear the Olympics are a Good Buy, The Wall driveway Journal Europe, February 18, 1998. This document is authorized for use only by Hadi Nejatian until May 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Visa Sponsorship Marketing SPM-5 Appendix A Overview of Visa rP os t p. 17 op yo Visa was jointly owned by 21,000 member financial institutions (members) such as banks and credit unions worldwide. It was a private, for-profit ssociation whose members offered credit cards and other payment solutions for both consumers and businesses. Cards were issued by Visas member financial institutions, not by the Visa association. Its members also signed up (acquired) retailers, recruited cardholders, set fees and determined spending limits and interest rates on outstanding balances. A board of directors composed of repres entatives from member banks supervised each Visa region, and select members from each region composed the international board. Member banks elected the board and votes were allocated according to the volume of various products offered by members.The board developed operating regulations, set transactions fees and interchange payments between members, developed system-wide innovations such as interchange technologies, promoted the association brand through advertising, and coordinated other system-wide matters such as fraud control. tC Visa products and services were offered directly by members to their customers. Visa did not issue cards set annual fees on cards determine annual percentage rates (APRs)38 solicit merchants to accept cards or set discount rates. 39 Members managed the relationships with consumers and merchants.Visas goal had been to create a brand that was a trusted seal of approval so that members could use Visa as a platform to meet their objectives. Member objectiv es included increasing consumer confidence, enhancing customer relationships, and driving usage in new markets. One service Visa provided members was an advanced transaction processing infrastructure, known as VisaNet, run by its Information Technology (IT) and processing subsidiary, Inovant, that urbane over 5,000 transactions per second during its peak season (the holidays) and was capable of handling transactions denominated in 160 different currencies.Average transaction approval time was under two seconds. Shepard elaborated on Visas relationship with its members No Our 21,000 member financial institutions own us. Were similar to McDonalds who manage their individually owned franchises. Visas international role is to coordinate these six regions and try to provide innovative solutions for the properties that we have. Our primary traffic is to help members grow their business by offering them payment solutions new payment technologies dynamic, efficient, and secure processing services and the global Visa brand.Do John Ekoniak at Piper Jaffray said The organization stays incredibly focused on maintaining the difficult balance of providing rich services to its members, but not too complete, so as to allow members room to add speciality as they repugn with other members. The members and stakeholders are all competitors and feel that they compete most effectively with the help of the Visa association if it is a closed organization with all returns reinvested. 40 38 The APR was the yearly interest dismantle on outstanding credit card balances.The discount rate was the fee a merchant paid a member financial institution to process a purchase charged to a Visa card. 40 John Ekoniak, The B2B Analyst, US Bancorp Piper Jaffray Research, January 12, 2001, vol. 2, number 2, pp. 3-4. 39 This document is authorized for use only by Hadi Nejatian until May 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Visa Spo nsorship Marketing SPM-5 rP os t p. 18 TRANSACTION PROCESSINGMultiple parties were involved in every Visa card transaction 1) cardholder, 2) issuer a financial institution that issued Visa cards and maintained a contract with cardholders for repayment, 3) merchant an authorized acceptor of Visa cards for the payment of goods and services, 4) merchant bank a financial institution that helped the merchant fulfill Visa card payments from customers, 5) Visa, whose members issued Visa cards and/or signed merchants to accept Visa, and 6) VisaNet a network that acted as an sureness and clearing and settlement service to manoeuver payment information between parties which was run by Inovant, Visas IT and processing subsidiary. 41 op yo Processing a Visa card transaction was a two-stage process. The first stage was called Authorization, where an electronic request was sent through various parties to either approve or decline the transaction.The next stages were clarification and Settlemen t, where all parties settled their accounts and were paid. The Authorization stage included eight step 1) cardholder presents Visa card to pay for services, 2) merchant swipes Visa card, enters the dollar amount, and transmits an authorization request to the merchant bank, 3) merchant bank automatically sends the authorization request to VisaNet, 4) VisaNet routes the request to the cardholders issuer, 5) issuer approves or declines the transaction, 6) VisaNet forwards the issuers reception to the merchant bank, 7) merchant bank forwards the response to the merchant, and 8) merchant receives the authorization response and completes the transaction accordingly. tCThe Clearing and Settlement stages included another five stairs 9) merchant deposits the transaction receipt with the merchant bank, 10) merchant bank ascribe the merchant account and electronically submits the transaction to VisaNet for settlement, 11) VisaNet pays the merchant bank and debits the issuer account, then se nds the transaction to the issuer, 12) issuer posts the transaction to the cardholder account and sends the cardholder a monthly statement, and 13) cardholder receives the statement and pays issuer. 42 REVENUE MODEL Do No Visas gross model included a series of fees from merchants who accepted Visa cards. distinctive fees included 1) discount rate (a percentage of sale