The American Dream of Love and The Great Gatsby Essay -- The American

There is a special someone for everyone. Every man (or woman) hears this at least once in their life. They go through life searching for this special someone, sometimes destroying their own lives along the way. It can be a person 3000 miles away, or it can be the next door neighbor. In F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel The gigantic Gatsby, Jay Gatsby has a second chance at the love of his life. As he stands next to the love of his life, Daisy Buchanan, the light across the lake that shines her house is now covered by the mist, sealing away his lifes darkness of being alone. However, on that point are just too many obstacles standing in the way of this relation ship which include Daisys child and husband and even possibly her obsession for money. As Gatsbys fantasy comes closer to him, the chance of this dream becoming reality fades away. Jay Gatsby is in love with Daisy for five years. However, the war makes him go to fight, exit Daisy behind. When he is leaving her, he promises to hims elf that he will come back to Daisy as an opulent man and win her heart. It is easily assumed that Jay never lucre to think about her during the war, college, or at any other point in his life. Even five years later, when Daisy is already married, Jay reveals his obsession with her Look at this, said Gatsby quickly. Heres a lot of clippings -about you (93). This quickly shows the reader that even though he was separated from Daisy by distance, he can never separate her from his heart. However, even if Daisy did truly love him, it could never be a realistic relationship as Gatsby finds out for himself. Afterward he kept face at the child with surprise. I dont think he had ever really believed in its existence before (117) is the first time that ... ...completely overwhelmed by Gatsbys money because it makes her husbands fortune look like nothing. From the looks of her expressions, it seems that money is her driving force to be with Gatsby even though she put her beef up through his abruptly (93) suggesting some sort of a romantic interest.Gatsby has found the love of his life again. However, Daisys intentions have changed since the last he saw her. not only is she married with a family, but her greed for money may also represent an obstacle. Jay thinks that he has finally dimmed the light that separates the two forever. However, Daisy understandably has other plans. Jays lack of ability to see past the beautiful smile of Daisy just may lead to the greatest disappointment of his life. Works CitedFitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. Ed. Matthew J. Bruccoli. Toronto Simon & Schuster Inc, 1995. Print.

The Pastoral Setting of Shakespeares As You Like It :: Shakespeare As You Like It Essays

The Pastoral Setting of As You Like It Central to the pastoral vision of As You Like It is the setting in the forest of Ardenne, especially the contrast between it and the ducal court. In the former, there is a powerful political presence which creates dangers. Deception lurks behind many actions, brothers progress to secret agendas against their brothers, and people have to answer to the arbitrary demands of power. In the Forest of Ardenne, however, life is very different. For one thing, there is no urgency to the agenda. There atomic number 18 no clocks in the forest, and for the exiled courtiers there is no regular work. They are free to roam around the forest, prompted by their own desires. There is plenty of nourishment to eat, so the communal hunt takes care of their physical needs. That and the absence of a complex political hierarchy creates a much stronger sense of communal equation hearkening back the the mythical good old days. The exiled Duke himself att ests to the advantages of living far from the court, free of the deceits of flattery and double dealing and welcomes Orlando to the feast without suspicion. And, most important here, especially in comparison with the history plays, is the importance of singing. As You Like It is full of songs-not performances by professional court musicians, but impromptu group singing which expresses better than anything else the extempore joy these people derive from life in the Forest and the joy they give back to others. The songs indicate clearly the way in which in the Forest people can shape their actions to their moods-a situation totally unlike the court where one has to consider ones actions much more carefully. Hence, the Forest of Ardenne provides for the exiled courtiers an important freedom to investigate with their lives, to discover things about themselves. In the Forest people can talk openly with whoever they might happen to meet on a stroll by the trees, and that might be anyone, given that in the Forest no one owns any particular territory (there are no rooms, palaces, roads-unlike the court where there is a preoccupation with property) and thus one might well meet and have to deal with a person whom one would never get close to in the court (that can have comic results, of course, as Touchstones conversations with Audrey and William demonstrate).

The Malleable Yet Undying Nature of the Yellow Peril Essay example --

The Malleable Yet Undying Nature of the Yellow PerilRacial stereotypes dont die they dont even fade away. Though Asiatic Americans today have achieved model minority status in the eyes of the white majority in America by pulling ourselves up by our bootstraps through our supposedly quiet, dignified demeanor and gritty, overachieving work ethic, the foothold of the racial discrimination we face remain the same today as they have since the root Asians began settling en masse in the United States more than a century and a half ago. At the root of this discrimination is the idea of a Yellow Peril, which, in the words of John Dower is the core imagery of apes, lesser men, primitives, children, madmen, and beings who possessed special powers amidst a fear of invasion from the sleeping teras of Asia. Since its inception in the late 19th century, the idea of the Yellow Peril has colored the discourse regarding Asian Americans and has changed back and forth from overt, racist hate, to end earing terms of what Frank Chin describes as racist love. In times of war, competition or economic strife, Asian Americans are the evil enemy in times of ease, Asian Americans are the model minority able to assimilate into American society. What remains the same is that the discrimination, whether overt or not, is always there.The Yellow Peril archetypical became a major end in the United States in California in the 1870s when white working-class laborers, fearful of losing their jobs amidst an economic decline, discriminated against the filthy yellow hordes from Asia, leaders to the national Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 which not only prohibited immigration from China but forbade legal residents from becoming citizens. According to t... ...e always is an issue and I was simply nave for thinking anything different.Works CitedChin, Frank and Chan, Jeffrey Paul. Racist Love. In Richard Kostelanetz, Ed. Seeing Through Shuck. New York Ballantine Books, 1972.Dower, John. War Withou t Mercy Race and position in the Pacific War. New York Pantheon Books, 1986. Minear, Richard. Dr. Seuss Goes to War The World War II Editorial Cartoons of Theodore Seuss Geisel. New York New Press, 1999.Petersen, William. Success Story, Japanese-American Style. The New York Times. January 9, 1966.Success Story of 1 Minority Group in U.S. U.S. News and World Report. December 26, 1966.Wu, Frank H. Yellow Race in America Beyond Black and White. New York introductory Books, 2002.Zia, Helen. Asian American Dreams The Emergence of an American People. New York Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2000.

Expansion and the Evolutionary Lottery :: Evolution Essays

Expansion and the Evolutionary LotteryFor a young scholar larn the basic concepts of science and biology, evolution was this grand theory of past life becoming more like present life over time via the usance of such complicated and foreboding means as natural selection and survival of the fittest. I came to understand that there was endless diversity of life, and variation was a result of the interactions of organisms with their environments. Natural selection placed pressure on the organisms forcing adaptations to be made, hence new species to arise over time. The oversimplified image of evolution that began to form in my head involved one single organism adapting to its environment and undergoing change in its own life couple, therefore that one organism experiences evolution in action. I didnt think evolution was a process of becoming more perfect necessarily, but demote accommodate for more diverse situations, which boiled kill to being better. Obviously this picture I was conjuring up was far from the most scientifically logical, and I was surprised and impressed to hear a better explanation. Evolution is depicted as an inconceivably time- consuming and expansion-driven process it is not about survival of the fittest or being perfect, rather the most able to assert genetically variable offspring (less likely to be eliminated by natural selection). The major discrepancy between the two (oversimplified and clarified) formulations of evolution is the importance of random unlearned expansion, which arguably is a quality assigned not only to energy and matter on Earth, but also to evolution and as the entire universe. single of the simpler discrepancies in my illogical view of evolution merely involved timescale and the mechanism of change. A single organism cannot evolve within its own life span because of environmental pressure. The very first of Mayrs seventeen principles of inheritance states, genetic material is constant (hard) it cannot be change d by the environment or by use and neglectfulness of the phenotype... Genes cannot be modified by the environment... There is no inheritance of acquired characters (Mayr, 2001, p. 91). Therefore, one organism cannot possibly experience evolution in action as a result of environmental interactions. The term adaptation creates some confusion here because it is so often coupled with evolutionary change and expresses a change suited for certain environmental conditions. The fact of the matter is evolution, as well as adaptation, occur over many generations and changes are not directly related to the conditions of the environment.

negative effects of technology :: essays research papers

For a while now, science has been a mystery to man, leading him to want to discover more than and more about it. This in many aspects is dangerous to our society, being that scientific developments in new studies have been advancing too quickly for our minds to comprehend. Things such as cloning, harmonium donation, and pesticides, are things that the world may sometimes find useful, when in reality, it only brings civilization down.Raising science to the status of godhood carries with it inherit risks that demand careful consideration.developmental experiments such as cloning have been successful, but they bring along with them some very negative results, for example, in some early experiments in savage cloning some potential dangers had been encountered, cloned cows developed faulty immune systems, other projects which created cloned mice, grew obese, and in most studies, cloned animals seemed to grow old faster and die junior than the usual members of the species. When adding on to the human race, not only are we increasing our huge population rate, but we are also adding humans and animals that have defects as well as a short life span. It would be a waste of our governments money to bring something to life, that we will have to have a bun in the oven extra care of, just to have it die in just a matter of weeks as quick as a goldfish dies.When talk of the town about organ donation, people usually think that it is a great discovery and that scientists have made a break through in this part of the medical field, with out knowing how highly the chances of ineffectiveness this procedure has. The immune system attacks anything that lacks histocompatibility antigens or has antigens different from those found in the rest of the body, such as those found on invading viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms. This recognition system causes the immune system to attack transplanted tissues that have different antigens because it has no way to ramify the diff erence between harmful and helpful organisms, therefore causing the body to reject the organ which causes infection in the person body. Also donated organs go to the patient who is nearest death, even though a healthier patient might benefit more by living longer after the transplant. A drug called tacrolimus (FK-506) was found to be even more effective for kidney, liver, heart, and lung transplants. However, patients who take this drug still face some increased risk of infection and

Essay --

What exactly is a hipster? Dictionary.com defines one as a person, especially during the 1950s, characterized by a particularly strong sense of alienation from most established social activities and relationships. Throughout history, there have always been droves of individuals who favor to be nonconformists. This is a lifestyle that labels such people as outcasts, hippies and beatniks. Those who are labeled as such endure a rough lifestyle, whether it is reenforcement in nature or perhaps walking the streets as a vagabond. These people live by complex philosophies, but to what purpose? Im fascinated by the fact that they experience discrimination and ridicule, but choose to keep living with it. So exactly what is the appeal to counterculture? What is it just about modern fraternity and the mainstream that compositors cases these people to ostracize themselves and announce their individualism? Thats what I hope to find out.I decided to track back to the roots of counter culturis t movements. I discovered that after World War II, the nations economy boomed and fear began to grow over the growing nuclear arms race. Concern about the future led many young people to become more active in social causes, from the civil rights movement to President Kennedys Peace Corps. This multiplication was known as the beat movement, it defined an ideology for disaffected, rebellious youth of that decade. Due to the economic boom, many people could afford to go to college and enrollment blush from 3.1 million to almost 5 million. Protest began to rage across the country. The beat movement led to many new youth culture movement in the coming years, such as hippie culture. The hippies represented a rebellion against mass culture in the U.S. They rejected traditional values an... ...ed to pay their own place in history and be known for fixing an issue or perhaps toppling the government in their own obscure fashion. I believe that growing numbers of non-conformists happens to be ironic and an entirely different situation on its own, but perhaps its for a more ain reason. Looking at history up to now, one would address my earlier conjecture, who would want to put themselves through hell and ridicule, most likely knowing that they cannot cause upheaval alone? I believe that it is due to the fact that none of these people are comfortable being mixed into a crowd. They strongly timber towards transcendentalism to individualize themselves. The youth doesnt want to be labeled as a just another number. They want to feel important and be their own person. Riots and violent protests might not be the most orthodox solution, but it sure is effective.

Essay --

What exactly is a hipster? Dictionary.com defines mavin as a person, especially during the 1950s, characterized by a particularly unfluctuating sense of alie res publica from most established social activities and relationships. Throughout history, there have always been droves of individuals who choose to be nonconformists. This is a lifestyle that labels such race as outcasts, flower people and beatniks. Those who are labeled as such endure a rough lifestyle, whether it is living in nature or perhaps manner of walking the streets as a vagabond. These nation live by complex philosophies, but to what purpose? Im fascinated by the fact that they experience favoritism and ridicule, but choose to keep living with it. So exactly what is the appeal to counterculture? What is it about modern society and the mainstream that causes these people to ostracize themselves and announce their individualism? Thats what I hope to find out.I decided to track back to the roots of counter cultur ist movements. I discovered that after World War II, the nations economy boomed and fear began to grow over the growing nuclear arms race. Concern about the future led many young people to become more active in social causes, from the civil rights movement to President Kennedys Peace Corps. This generation was known as the beat movement, it defined an political orientation for disaffected, rebellious youth of that decade. Due to the economic boom, many people could afford to go to college and enrollment rose from 3.1 million to almost 5 million. Protest began to passionateness across the country. The beat movement led to many new youth culture movement in the coming years, such as hippie culture. The hippies represented a rebellion against mass culture in the U.S. They rejected traditional values an... ...ed to hold their own place in history and be known for fixing an issue or perhaps toppling the government in their own obscure fashion. I believe that growing numbers of non-con formists happens to be humorous and an entirely different situation on its own, but perhaps its for a more personal reason. Looking at history up to now, one would address my earlier conjecture, who would take to put themselves through hell and ridicule, most likely knowing that they cannot cause upheaval alone? I believe that it is repayable to the fact that none of these people are comfortable being mixed into a crowd. They strongly look towards transcendentalism to individualize themselves. The youth doesnt want to be labeled as a just another number. They want to feel important and be their own person. Riots and violent protests might not be the most orthodox solution, but it sure is effective.

JetBlue and WestJet

How important is the reservation dust at airlines such as West sm altogether fry and JetBlue. How does it impact operational activities and decision making? Over the past years, it seems customers have heavily relied on airline reservation systems to book their tickets, reserve seats, pay for the tickets, and check-in-online. This has been very convenient for customers to plan their trips. These systems have also allowed the airlines to manage their whole flight inventory. They have the all the information stored and recorded and maintained.It provides a platform for communication amid airlines for their code-sharing plans this also allows agents or other ticketing office to see real epoch information such as booking or seat availability (Laudon & Laudon, 2013). Because all of the parties rely on heavily on these systems it is important for Airlines Company to have it. A perfect example of the chaos that is created when one company decides to switch to a newer version of this sy stem would be the case of WestJet.The impact of operational activities and decision making has niftyly changed with the new system. The system has helped the airlines maintain accounts with other airlines, as intimately as help processes internal information between departments with more efficiency since everything is done online (Laudon & Laudon, 2013). Now that customers mountain plan, book, and pay online for their trips it as boosted customer satisfaction with fast-paced service.This system has allowed airlines to make good strategic decisions on which routes to monopolize, and how to improve their services by accessing information about previous customers stored on the system. However, this system can come upon customers decision while they are booking for example if the system is slow or not user friendly customers may be more in all likelihood to go to a different site to book their flights. Evaluate the risks of the projects to upgrade the reservation systems of WestJe t and JetBlue and key risk factors. There are always risks to any business enterprise when they are upgrading their systems.However, the biggest risk to a business is the down time that they will occur when transferring and receiving data from the old system to the new upgraded system, not to mention the time it will take to train the employees that will be overseeing the new system. In the situation with WestJet and JetBlue upgrading the reservations system had its own risks and it could only go two ways unflustered with no inconvenience to the customer or horrible wrong and the customers are angry and your good name is now in trouble (Laudon & Laudon, 2013).Despite the extensive gentility that WestJet had before the upgrade, it did not prepare them enough for when they went live some of the problems they had were not on the practice test environment they trained with. No one can predict that the updates to the information system will could create a defect in the system. The tim e it took to transfer the information to the reservation system could create a gap in the services to the customer. Having a major outage to their online services could cause major setbacks for the two companies that neither of them could afford.Classify and describe the problems each airline faced in implementing its new reservation system. What people, organization, and technology factors caused those problems? In the case of WestJet successfully planning the development would have saved them millions of dollars, and it would have saved them many of angry customers. WestJet biggest erroneous belief was they did not have a plan for system failure as well as the extra help at the call centers until it was too tardily and the issue was already out of control.If WestJet would have planned for the time it would have took to transfer all their files to the new system, and lighted the passenger load they would bypassed all the problems they had during the transfer. JetBlue on the other hand did successfully plan the switch they decided to do the switch when the airlines were not as busy and they also decided to book less seats during the time of the switch (Laudon & Laudon, 2013). They also a built a backup system to prepare for the worst, and hiring temporary call center workers was a great idea this allowed them to make sure they were available for customers during the transition.However, there were a few glitches such as wait times for calls and the airport kiosks and ticket printers were not online in effect(p) away they still managed to be well vigilant for any of these problems. Describe the steps you would have taken to control the risk in these projects? The steps I would have taken to control the risks in this project would be similar to what JetBlue did. I would have planned for an outage in the system and tried to look at the situation from the customers point of view.The training that we have done to prepare us for this new system cannot prepare us for everything that can go wrong during the transition. I would have to look beyond what could happen and prepare for that. I would slowly move the company into the transition and prepare the customers for it as well. perchance by letting the customers know up front that the company will be doing a transition on the reservations system will allow customers to be prepared in the case something happens while making their reservations.Offering some sort of discount will help the customers through the transition and help keep the customers truehearted to our company. On the business side making sure that we have options if something goes wrong by having a backup system we can turn to if the new system goes down. Making sure we do not over book our flights during the first few days of the transition and making sure we are all prepared and ready for anything that can happen is the only way we could overcome the situation.

Jung, Gardner, and Freud Comparison Essay

In todays society, genteelness is to a greater extent liberal, allowing masses to think for themselves and providing them with a broader statement. This differs from many years ago, when education was more worldly-minded. Education was genuinely basic, consisting of simply academic classes and no electives. People with a more conservative education would never go against what they were taught. However, liberally educated batch of today fuck go against what they are taught, look it themselves, and make new conclusions about their studies. A liberal education enables people to deal with the forces that control their life.It frees them from the restraints in everyday life. Having such a broad education allows people to deal with such forces. Four psychologists have written essays and constructed theories that can deem that liberal education is of a greater stature than conservatively educated. The essays are The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, written by Howard Gardner, The Personal and Collective Unconscious, written by Carl Jung, The Allegory of the Cave, written by Plato, and From the edition of Dreams, written by Sigmund Freud.In Howard Gardners Theory of Multiple Intelligences he states that there are seven different kinds of intelligence. He alludes that every whizz has the potential to be brilliant in an unconventional way. Gardner writes, The question of the optimal definition of intelligence looms large in our inquiry. Indeed it is at the level of this definition that the theory of multiple intelligences diverges from the handed-down points of view(370). If one were to have a more conservative education, Gardners ideas would have been absurd because nobody would have understood them.People would have only understood intelligence as being smart in school. People with a conservative education would never look deeper into things. On the other hand, a liberal education teaches people to challenge what they have learned, if they do non agree w ith it. Gardner did just that. Alfred Binet believed that intelligence was measured by IQ tests. Gardner did not agree with this, so he did his own research on it. Because of Gardners liberal education, he was able to rise above those who received a more conservative education.Carl Jungs essay, The Personal and the Collective Unconscious based itself on a liberal education because it talks about psychology, which falls under liberal education. psychological science is the study of mind and behavior. A liberal education allows people to study this however, a more conservative education would not because studying the mind is not essential in academics. Psychology studies the things that people cannot see, such as conscious and unconscious states.It also allows people to not have to accept what other people say. In the essay written by Jung, he stated, If in such cases we pursue our observations systematically and without prejudice, we shall find material which, although similar in for m to the preceding(prenominal) personal contents, yet seems to contain allusions that go far beyond the personal sphere(345). Carl Jung did not agree with Freuds theory, so he did his own research, and engraft Freuds research to be inconclusive.Because of his liberal education and study in psychology, Jung was able to control the forces in his life and did not agree with what was thought by Freud. Platos, The Allegory of the Cave shows that the prisoners of his story were unable to see the rectitude because of their lack of a liberal education. In fact, at prime(prenominal) they could not see anything nor could they trend their heads. With only the aid of a small fire were they able to see the shadows of pictures on the wall.However, in the end, one prisoner rose above the shadows and saw the truth when he was let out of the cave, exactly when he went back to the cave, he was terrorized. Plato wrote, He will require to grow accustomed to the sight of the upper world. And first he will see the shadows best, next the reflections of men and other objects in the water, and then the objects themselves(317). The other prisoners were not liberally educated. They believed only what they saw, and they did not see what this one prisoner was saying.Plato showed that the prisoners were kept in darkness, unable to see the truth. When they finally were told the truth, they did not believe it because they had not seen it for themselves. During the story, the prisoners were kept in shadows. Today, society deals with the equivalent problem. In todays society, people have to deal with being lied to by the government and media, which only tell people what they want them to get it on, and in a sense, they disfigure the truth.With the authority figures, such as the media and government, keeping people in the shadows just like the prisoners, people do not always know what to believe. Sometimes people want to believe what they are told, even though they know its a lie. The d ifference between the prisoners and people today is that more people today have a liberal education. Those with a liberal education can see what the government and media may not want them to see, facial expression beyond what is given to them, but going out of reach and gathering other information.In the essay written by Sigmund Freud, From the Interpretation of Dreams, Freud analyzed peoples behaviors through their dreams. He had noticed that dreams played an important role in his analysis of neurotic and hysterical patients. Freud believed that sleeping dreams were nearly always, like daydreams, attentiveness fulfillment. Wish fulfillment is such that it may be enrolled in the continuity of the intelligible psychic activities of the waking state it is built up by a highly complicated intellectual activity.Freud went beyond the boundaries of education. Freud explains his reasoning about dreams, Dreams are not meaningless, they are not absurd they do not imply that one portion of o ur store of ideas is asleep while another portion is beginning to wake (330). He took a different approach about the way he analyzed people. His liberally educated mind allowed him to get past the typical mental analysis and utilize dream interpretations to fabricate theories. Todays education is more liberal than it has been in the past.A liberal education teaches people to think for themselves and it provides people with a broader education. The classes that are part of a liberal education are not just the general education classes, they are also electives. A liberal education teaches people to challenge what they do not believe, but a person with a more conservative education would never challenge what they were told. In challenging what they do not believe, they can further research it. In doing this it frees people from the restraints in their everyday life, and allows them to control the forces in their life.

Accounting as a discipline has no theory Essay

Accounting is concerned with the collection, analysis and communication of economic information, which can be utilize to make decisions and plans about business by various users. The Committee On Terminology of the American Institute of Certified Pubic Accountants delimitate invoice as follows Accounting is the art of recording, classifying, and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which atomic number 18, in past at least, of a financial use and interpreting the results on that pointof. (Ahmeo Riahi-Belkaou, page 32) Accounting is said to be a language used to communicate information to race. Accounting is also an intellectual national and a profession. Moreover, chronicle is br new(prenominal)lyly constructed and practiced by people for people, which influence workings and relationships in society.See more The stages of consumer buying decision process testThe history of news report stretches back to when the first ancient ac counting system began, which was origin solelyy householdd on measurement and recording activities, and then the significant emergence of double-entry bookkeeping around the 15th century, as a basis for further accounting development that consequently resulted in modern Ango-American accounting in the twentieth century. Whereas accounting was mainly an internal matter where the proprietors were close to the business, the growth of companies led to the take awayment of stewardship accounting. As a result of further industrial development, changing societal environment and establishment of professional accounting bodies, the accounting system should systematically develop in accordance with importance of accounting in modern society. In new-fashioned years, more and more theorists start to assess the nature of accounting surmise as well as argue whether there is an accounting surmisal or not.In this essay, I am going to exam the definition of accounting surmisal and provide e vidence to ascertain the existence of a fatten up accounting possibleness.A theory is defined as a set of inter disturbd constructs (concepts), definitions and propositions that present a systematic forecast of phenomena by specifying relations among variables with the objective of explaining and predicting the phenomena.(Kerlinger, 1964, page 11) According to this definition, the arguing accounting as a discipline has no theory impliesthat as a subject, accounting has no a lucid set of concepts and definitions to explain and predict the phenomena. Obviously, the subject of accounting broadly covers all the phenomena in the scope of accounting. In this sense, the accounting theory refers to a widely distributed peg accounting theory which is a coherent set of principles and concepts to explain and predict all the phenomena.Before examine the nature of accounting theory, I need to get by where the theory come from. A fundamental requirement of a theory structure is that it m ust come to terms with the conditions of knowledge. (Mathews & Perera, 1996,page 52) Simply, the theory is from knowledge, the big question, how do we know what we know? such as, the principles of logic. Correspondingly, one of main characteristics of a theory is a body of knowledge. The study of knowledge is the domain of epistemology, which is concerned with the nature and stemma of knowledge, the scope of knowledge and the reliability of claims to knowledge. Accounting is social constructed and practiced by people and people in terms of its roles. Consequently, Knowledge comes from people. In accounting, we want to capture knowledge and theories of accounting help us to understand accounting better. But there was a big problem arose in accounting in relate to the lack of a knowledge base.In order to solve this problem, SSAP 2 as a first step to provide a knowledge base for accounting was introduced in1971, which defines accounting bases, accounting policies and fundamental acco unting concepts such as, going concern, prudence. Afterwards, more accounting standards were developed. Particularly, corporate report was introduced in 1975 which identified a flake of user groups. But different users normally require different information. The conflicts of interests of information and the inconsistent of accounting standards resulted in the development of a abstract model.Some people argue that a comprehensive accounting theory has not existed at the present time. First of all, I will illustrate a conceptual sickwork to certify this argument according to the following statement In recent years much effort has been directed towards developing a general theory for theguidance of practice. Such a general theory has come to be known as a conceptual framework (Underdown & Taylor, 1985, page 1) A conceptual framework that attempts to offer the theories and explanations was significantly produced and developed in order to construct a single coherent set of accounting principles and concepts which could explain accounting practice. FASB defined a conceptual framework as a coherent system of interrelated objectives and fundamentals that can lead to consistent standards and that prescribes the nature, function and limits of financial accounting and financial statements. (FASB, 1976, page2)A conceptual framework is tend to provide a more rigorous way of setting standards, eliminate the inconsistence between statutory and professional supply and provide a frame of reference for accountants to workress specific issues in the absence of specific standards, for example.An ASB statement of principles issued the qualitative characteristics of financial information. Specifically, comparability assists the development of a conceptual framework which tries to restrict the alternatives available to reporting bodies. But the alternatives may not be absolutely reduced unless a conceptual framework produces the accounting standards on a establishedly coheren t basis. (Mathews & Perera,, 1996, page 109)However, the limitation of a conceptual framework includes the time and cost of preparation. Clearly, it is time consuming and big-ticket(prenominal) to operate. Particularly, some countries with limited economies cannot afford it. Furthermore, a conceptual framework provides too much guidance to accounting and encourages rigidity so that new ideas cannot be intimately introduced.If the conceptual framework is poorly designed, it may only benefit some of user groups. For example, the Trueblood and SFAC 1 Reports give inadequate recognition to the needs of user groups other than investors and creditors. In addition, the conflict of principles still exists in the conceptual framework. The illustrative principles are relevance and reliability in the Statements of Principles. Relevance was preferred at the beginning as opposed to prevalence of reliability later. Therefore, a uniform conceptual framework may be difficult to achieve on the bas is of inconsistent developments so leading to the impossibility of a general coherent accounting theory.On the other hand, Hendriken and Van Breda argue that an general accountingtheory as to a coherent set of principles is possible at present. They define accounting theory as a coherent set of hypothetical, conceptual, and pragmatic principles forming a general frame of reference for inquiring into the nature of accounting. (Hendriksen, E.S., 1977, page 1) The main objective of accounting theory is to provide a coherent set of logically derived principles that serve as a frame of reference for evaluating and developing accounting practice.I strongly do not agree with this statement, because there are some evidences could prove that there is no such an accounting theory involving a coherent set of principles and concepts. First of all, the earlier given example, conceptual framework, proved that it is difficult to achieve it on the completely coherent basis at present. For example, economic ratio analysis predicts the future information are made base on past information. SSAP2 introduced the principles of aggregation and prudence which conflict with each(prenominal) other. Specifically, the accruals concept may suggest research and development be carried forward however the prudent concept may require the expenditure to written off in the present period. Moreover, true and true(p) view hasnt been defined, but accountants are required to produce the accounts with true and fair view which depends on their constructed reality, so it is problematical that it might be fair to you, but not fair to somebody else.Furthermore, Image that shaped accounting theory tries to offer suggestions as to what accounting is all about or should be about. In Davis, Menon &Morgans article, four different images were created to influence the accounting theory in the various circumstances in response to changing social environment. Specifically, accounting was assumed to be obje ctive, as suggested by the image of historical record. But in recent years, new images have been created for accounting theory, which are current economic reality, the information system and commodity. Accountants now believe that accounting is subjective. Hence, the subject and object conflict with each other. We also have to see in what context each image is presented other than see it on its own. For example, the public commodity image has emerged in the context of a regulated environment. Therefore, no one image can fullycapture the essential aspects due to subjectivity and new images are being created to add new dimensions to future accounting theories.Moreover, other images which Solomon and Tinker debate about were created for domination of theory and practice of accounting. Solomon, a traditionalist, advocates neutrality or objective as opposed to the view of Tony tinker, a radical thinker. In addition, image that influences accounting theory could be partial or one-side res ults from view of reality can be produced partially and rather one-sidedly. In other words, accounting theorists created the various images by justifying their views of reality based on observation of social phenomena. Accounting as a discipline has no a complete theory due to the lack of a coherent set of principles and concepts in the scope of accounting and the changing social environment.According to American Accounting Associations Committee on concepts and standards, they concluded that no single governing theory of financial accounting is mysterious enough to encompass the full range of user-environment specifications effectively, hence, there exists in the financial accounting literature not a theory of financial accounting but a collection of theories which can be arrayed over the differences in user-environment specifications. (American Accounting Association, 1977, page 1-2) It is indicated that no one single accounting theory applies to all the user-environments but a c ollection of theories could. For example, different users need different information. Investors need profit information and creditors are satisfied with cash flow information.AAAs conclusion proved again that there is no a complete general accounting theory. In fact, at present no single accounting theory can affect all the user-environments because different users demand different information. We also live in a complex and changing society so that accounting theory only can achieve its compliant objective in one particular time, such as, image. No one accounting theory can also explain and predict all the phenomena. True and fair view is still a myth, how can accountants practice with such a view? A conceptual framework is still developing for trying to achieve a complete general accounting theory.On balance, I agree with this statement accounting as a discipline has no theory. I am of the opinion that in the subject of accounting, there is no a general complete accounting theory w hich is a coherent set of principles and concepts to explain and predict all the phenomena. I have proved with some examples that some of principles and concepts are inconsistent, such as, relevance and reliability, and also it is noticeable that accounting theory is partial and one-side, such as, image, because images that shaped accounting theory were captured through theorists different view which could be partial. Changing social environments also influence images.Clearly, each image only emerges in a particular context and period, as suggested by Davids. In addition, the rudimentary of a conceptual framework which tries to construct a coherent set of principles to explain the practice proved the absence of a general accounting theory. The unblemished poof strongly against the Hendriken and Van Bredas opinion which a general accounting theory have emerged. However, a conceptual framework is still change so I personally believe that a complete general accounting theory could b e achieved in the future in accordance with the complete of a conceptual framework due to the development of accounting in response with the development of modern society.BIBLIOGRAPHYAhmed Riahi-Belkaoui(2000) Accounting Theory, 4th Edition, Thomson Learning.Mathews & Perera (1996) Accounting theory & development, 3rd Edition, Nelson.Underdown & Taylor (1985) Accounting Theory & Policy Making, Heinemann.

Efficiency Ratios

Efficiency Ratios The efficacy ratio is an indicator of how well Johnson and Johnson (J&J) is run on an organizational wide basis. Efficiency ratios argon in like manner defined as asset turnover ratios (Finkler, Kovner & Jones, 2007). The asset turnover ratio measures how productive J&J is in managing all of its assets to generate Sales. This efficiency ratio is compute by dividing sales by total assets by total revenue. For year 2010, J&J had an asset turnover of 0. 6.Comparing J&Js asset ratio to the industry, it is the same (Key Financial Ratios Financial Results Johnson & Johnson,2011). Thus J&J is as efficient in the use of its assets as its healthcare competitors in the industry. Revenue to assets = Total revenueTotal assets Total revenue $61,587. 0= 0. 598 or 0. 6 Asset turnover Total assets $102,908. 0 The days receivables ratio is calculated by dividing the accounts receivable by the revenue per day.The days receivables will indicate how long, on average, it takes for J &J to collect on its sales to customers on credit. This ratio is also known as the average collection period (ACP). The shorter the collection period, the sooner the organization can pay bills or invest to earn interest (Finkler, Kovner & Jones, 2007). A short ACP is more efficient for the organization. J&J had an ACP of 58 days in 2010. This is a slight increase from previous years ACP of 57 days.Revenue per day = Total revenue 365$61,857. 0 = $168. 731 365 days Days receivable = Accounts receivable Revenue per day AR $9774. 0 = 57. 92 days DR $168. 731/day Reference Key financial ratios financial results johnson & johnson . (2011). Retrieved from http//moneycentral. msn. com/investor/invsub/results/compare. asp? Page=ManagementEfficiency&symbol=JNJ

Introduction to How PCs Work

When you mention the word technology, almost people think ab divulge electronic computers. Virtually every facet of our lives has some computerized component. The appliances in our homes have microprocessors built into them, as do our televisions. Even our cars have computers. But the computer that everyone thinks of first is classifiablely the personal computer, or PC. A PC is a general- mark tool built just about a microprocessor.It has lots of different parts including reposition, a warm disk, a modem, and much that work together. General purpose means that you peck do m each different things with a PC. You tolerate intake it to type documents, send e-mail, browse the Internet and play games. PCs trace their tale back to the 1970s, when a man named Ed Roberts began to sell computer kits based on a microprocessor chip designed by Intel. Roberts called his computer the Altair 8800 and sold the unassembled kits for $395.Popular Electronics ran a story about the kid in i ts January 1975 issue, and to the surprise of just about everyone, the kits became an instant hit and the era of the personal computer began source The Computer History Project. A few years later, the dynamic duo of Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak unleashed the Apple II computer on the world. From that point on, the personal computer really began to take off. Other manufacturers followed suit, and presently on that point were computers from Commodore, Atari and Texas Instruments.Not long after the debut of the Apple II, IBM got into the personal computer game. Today, when someone says PC, chances ar they mean a machine running on the Microsoft Windows run establishment with an x86-compatible microprocessor. While Apple Macintosh computers are technically personal computers, most people wouldnt call them PCs. In this article, we will talk about PCs in the general sense and all the different parts that go into them. Youll necessitate about the various components and how they work t ogether in a basic operational(a) session.Youll also find out what the future whitethorn hold for these machines. PC Parts Lets take a look at the main components of a typical desktop computer Central process unit (CPU) The microprocessor brain of the computer system is called the central processing unit. Its a chip that holds a complete computational engine. It uses assembly language as its native language. Everything that a computer does is overseen by the CPU. Memory This is very closely storage used to hold data. It has to be fast because it connects directly to the microprocessor.There are several specific types of memory in a computer Random-access memory ( aim) Used to temporarily store selective information with which the computer is soon working Read-only memory (ROM) A permanent type of memory storage used by the computer for important data that doesnt change Basic input signal/output system (BIOS) A type of ROM that is used by the computer to establish bas ic communication when the computer is first powered on Caching The storing of frequently used data in extremely fast RAM that connects directly to the CPU Virtual memory Space on a hard disk used to temporarily store data and swap it in and out of RAM as needed Flash memory a solidness state storage device, Flash memory requires no sorrowful parts and retains data even after the computer powers off Mother maturate This is the main circuit board to which all of the other internal components connect. The CPU and memory are usually on the motherboard. Other systems may be found directly on the motherboard or connected to it through a assistary connection.For example, a sound pecker potbelly be built into the motherboard or connected through an expansion slot. causality supply An electrical transformer regulates the electricity used by the computer. Hard disk This is large-capacity permanent storage used to hold information such as programs and documents. handed-d bea r hard drives contain moving parts the drive has platters on which it stores data. The drive spins the platters to record and read data. But some newer hard drives are flash-based with no moving parts. These drives are called solid-state drives. Operating system This is the basic software that allows the user to interface with the computer. Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) Controller This is the primary coil interface for the hard drive, compact disc read-only memory and floppy disk drive.Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) This is a very high-speed connection used by the graphics card to interface with the computer. Sound card This is used by the computer to record and play audio by converting analog sound into digital information and back again. Graphics card This translates ikon data from the computer into a format that can be displayed by the monitor. Some graphics cards have their own powerful processing units (called a GPU graphics processing unit). The GPU can hand le trading operations that normally would require the CPU. Ports In computer hardware terms, a port is an interface that allows a computer to communicate with peripheral equipment. Real-time clock Every PC has a clock containing a vibrating crystal.By referring to this clock, all the components in a computer can contemporize properly. Complementary Metal-oxide Semiconductor The CMOS and CMOS battery allow a computer to store information even when the computer powers down. The battery provides uninterrupted power. Fans, heat sinks and cooling systems The components in a computer generate heat. As heat rises, performance can suffer. Cooling systems keep computers from overheating. PC Connections A typical computer connects to the world around it in three different ways input/output devices, ports and net incomeing. No matter how powerful the components inside your computer are, you need a way to move with them. This interaction is called input/output (I/O).The most common t ypes of I/O in PCs are Monitor The monitor is the primary device for displaying information from the computer. Keyboard The keyboard is the primary device for entering information into the computer. Mouse The mouse is the primary device for navigating and interacting with the computer. Removable storage Removable storage devices allow you to add new information to your computer very easily, as well as save information that you want to carry to a different location. There are several types of dismissible storage o CD-ROM CD-ROM (compact disc, read-only memory) is a familiar form of distribution of commercial software.Many systems now offer CD-R (recordable) and CD-RW (rewritable), which can also record. CD-RW discs can be erased and rewritten many times. o Flash memory Based on a type of ROM called electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), Flash memory provides fast, permanent storage. CompactFlash, SmartMedia and PCMCIA cards are all types of Flash me mory. o DVD-ROM DVD-ROM (digital versatile disc, read-only memory) is similar to CD-ROM but is capable of holding much more information. You may use Bluetooth or Wi-Fi to sync your music player or print driving directions, but many computers still have ports to help you connect to a wide selection of peripherals.While there have been others, two are most commonly found on newer computers Universal Serial Bus (USB) The most popular external connection, USB ports offer power and versatility and are incredibly easy to use. FireWire (IEEE 1394) FireWire is a very popular method of connecting digital-video devices, such as camcorders or digital cameras, to your computer. Networking, specially to the Internet, is very important to todays computer users. Your computer can probably use one or more of these methods Modem This is the standard method of connecting to the Internet. Local area network (LAN) card This is used by many computers, particularly those in an Ethernet office n etwork, to connect to one some other. Cable modem This type of modem uses the cable system in your home, akin the kind you might use to subscribe to cable TV, to connect to the Internet. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) modem This is a high-speed connection that works over a standard telephone line. Very high bit-rate DSL (VDSL) modem A newer variation of DSL, VDSL requires that your phone line have fiber-optic cables. An even faster version called the gigabit per second DSL (GDSL) may follow source Cioffi, et al. . Powering Up a PC A typical computer session begins with turning on the power. Heres what happens in that process 1. You compress the On button on the computer and the monitor. 2.You see the BIOS software doing its thing, called the power-on self-test (POST). On many machines, the BIOS displays text describing such data as the amount of memory installed in your computer and the type of hard disk you have. During this boot sequence, the BIOS does a remarkable amount o f work to get your computer ready to run. The BIOS determines whether the video card is operational. approximately video cards have a miniature BIOS of their own that initializes the memory and graphics processor on the card. If they dont, there is usually video-driver information on another ROM on the motherboard that the BIOS can load. The BIOS checks to see if this is a cold boot or a reboot. It does this by hecking the value at memory address 00000472. A value of 1234h indicates a reboot, in which case the BIOS skips the rest of POST. Any other value is considered a cold boot. If your computer is undergoing a cold boot, the BIOS verifies RAM by performing a read/write test of each memory address. It checks for a keyboard and a mouse. It looks for an expansion bus and, if it finds one, checks all the connected cards. If the BIOS finds any errors during the POST, it notifies you with a series of beeps or a text message displayed on the screen. An error at this point is almost always a hardware problem. The BIOS displays some lucubrate about your system.This typically includes information about the following o Processor o Floppy and hard drive o Memory o BIOS alteration and date o Display Any special drivers, such as those for expansion cards, are loaded from the adapter and the BIOS displays the information. The BIOS looks at the sequence of storage devices identify as boot devices in the complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) setup. bring up is short for bootstrap, as in the old phrase Pull yourself up by your bootstraps. Boot refers to the process of launching the operating system. The BIOS tries to initiate the boot sequence from the first device using the bootstrap loader. 3.The bootstrap loader loads the operating system into memory and allows it to begin operation. It does this by setting up the divisions of memory that hold the operating system, user information and applications. The bootstrap loader then establishes the data struct ures that are used to communicate within and between the sub-systems and applications of the computer. Finally, it turns control of the computer over to the operating system. PC Operating Systems Once loaded, the operating systems tasks fall into six spacious categories Processor management Breaking the tasks down into manageable chunks and prioritizing them before sending to the CPU Memory management -Coordinating the flow of data in and out of RAM and determining when virtual memory is necessary Device management Providing an interface between each device connected to the computer, the CPU and applications Storage management guiding where data will be stored permanently on hard drives and other forms of storage Application Interface Providing a standard communications and data alternate between software programs and the computer User Interface Providing a way for you to communicate and interact with the computer Say, for example, that you open up a word processing pro gram and type a letter, save it and then print it out. Several components work together to make this happen ? The keyboard and mouse send your input to the operating system. The operating system determines that the word-processing program is the active program and accepts your input as data for that program. ?The word-processing program determines the format that the data is in and, via the operating system, stores it temporarily in RAM. ? Each instruction from the word-processing program is sent by the operating system to the CPU. These instructions are intertwined with instructions from other programs that the operating system is overseeing before be sent to the CPU. ? All this time, the operating system is steadily providing display information to the graphics card, directing what will be displayed on the monitor. When you choose to save the letter, the word-processing program sends a request to the operating system, which then provides a standard window for selecting where you wish to save the information and what you want to call it. Once you have elect the name and file path, the operating system directs the data from RAM to the appropriate storage device. ? You click on Print. The word-processing program sends a request to the operating system, which translates the data into a format the printer understands and directs the data from RAM to the appropriate port for the printer you requested. ? You open up a Web browser and check out HowStuffWorks. Once again, the operating system coordinates all of the action. This time, though, the computer receives input from another source, the Internet, as well as from you.The operating system seamlessly integrates all incoming and shell information. ? You close the Web browser and choose the Shut Down option. ? The operating system closes all programs that are currently active. If a program has unsaved information, youre effrontery an opportunity to save it before closing the program. ? The operating system writ es its current settings to a special configuration file so that it will boot up next time with the same settings. ? If the computer provides software control of power, then the operating system will completely turn off the computer when it finishes its own shut-down cycle. Otherwise, you will have to turn the power off manually. The Future of PCsSilicon microprocessors have been the heart of the computing world for more than 40 years. In that time, microprocessor manufacturers have crammed more electronic devices onto microprocessors. In 1965, Intel founder Gordon Moore predicted that microprocessors would double in complexity every two years. Since then, the number of electronic devices put on a microprocessor has doubled every 18 months, and the prediction has come to be known as Moores Law. Many have predicted that Moores Law will soon reach its end because of the physical limitations of te microprocessors. 2008 HowStuffWorks Extreme ultraviolet lithography is the future of comp uter-chip manufacturing.The current process used to pack more transistors onto a chip is called deep-ultraviolet lithography (DUVL), which is a photography-like technique that focuses light through lenses to form circuit patterns on silicon wafers. While new manufacturing techniques have extended the useful lifespan of the DUVL process, before long chip manufacturers will have to use new techniques to keep up with Moores Law. Many are already looking at extreme-ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) as a way to extend the life of silicon at least until the end of the decade. EUVL uses mirrors instead of lenses to focus the light, which allows light with shorter wavelengths to focus on the silicon wafer accurately. To learn more about EUVL, see How EUVL Chipmaking Works.Beyond EUVL, researchers have been looking at alternatives to the traditional microprocessor design. Two of the more interesting emerging technologies are DNA computers and quantum computers. DNA computers have the potential to take computing to new levels, picking up where Moores Law leaves off. There are several advantages to using DNA instead of silicon As long as there are cellular organisms, there will be a supply of DNA. The large supply of DNA makes it a cheap resource. Unlike traditional microprocessors, which are made using venomous materials, DNA biochips can be made cleanly. DNA computers are many times smaller than todays computers.DNAs key advantage is that it will make computers smaller than any computer that has come before, while at the same time increasing storage capacity. One pound (0. 45 kilogram) of DNA has the capacity to store more information than all the electronic computers ever built. The computing power of a teardrop-sized DNA computer, using the DNA logic gates, will be more powerful than the worlds most powerful supercomputer. More than 10 trillion DNA molecules can fit into an area no larger than 1 box-shaped centimeter (. 06 cubic inch). With this small amount of D NA, a computer would be able to hold 10 terabytes (TB) of data and perform 10 trillion calculations at a time. By adding more DNA, more calculations could be performed.Unlike conventional computers, DNA computers could perform calculations simultaneously. Conventional computers operate in linear fashion, taking on tasks one at a time. Parallel computing will allow DNA to solve complex mathematical problems in hours problems that might take electrical computers hundreds of years to complete. You can learn more about DNA computing in How DNA Computers Will Work. Todays computers work by manipulating bits that exist in one of two states 0 or 1. Quantum computers arent limited to two states they encode information as quantum bits, or qubits. A qubit can be a 1 or a 0, or it can exist in a superposition that is simultaneously 1 and 0 or somewhere in between.Qubits represent atoms that are working together to deal out as computer memory and a microprocessor. Because a quantum computer c an contain these multiple states simultaneously, it has the potential to be millions of times more powerful than todays most powerful supercomputers. A 30-qubit quantum computer would equal the processing power of a conventional computer capable of running at 10 teraops, or trillions of operations per second. To equal the top of the line in supercomputers youd need more qubits. The Roadrunner supercomputer can run at a petaflop 1,000 trillian floating point operations per second. You can learn more about the potential of quantum computers in How Quantum Computers Will Work.

Not Enough Drinking Water Essay

Pop culture has recently fabricate obsessed with trying to provide clean drinking body of water to those who do not realise it. This is a light-headed issue to choose to fix. These wretched sight are a waste of space and get to learn how to fix their own businesss alternatively of turning to the reach to fix them. Do you think the rich got rich by relying on other people? No. They found easy solutions to their intemperate problems. People take aim wasted tons of money on giving these people clean water supplies when there are cheap solutions to get the put-on done.For one these people should just drink their own urine. It is full of vitamins and nutrients that at the time the body doesnt need but will at a later date. It also would make an endless cycle and the people would always have a supply of it. Drinking urine would be almost solely free, all that would be needed would be some kind of bottle to collect and contain it in until it was needed again. With this solution every person would have their very own source of water and people would never have to fight over it or share supplies again.It would also teach people to become much more self-sufficient because they are supplying their own source of life. Another easy solution is to make the people of these very poor areas use to not having any water by contaminating the little supply they have and forcing them to become assimilated to their new way of life. This is a perfect example of immanent selection, the most fit will survive and be able to reproduce while the rest will die off. This will cause future generations of people to be well adapted to having little water and let them live much longer.This would be completely cost free the only thing that would need to be done is some mud will need to be thrown into the large sources of drinking water. Some people feel that giving these pathetic people drinking water or drilling wells will fix the problems but they wont this will only make the probl em worse by showing these people that they can always rely on other people. Giving them other ways to get safe water is a complete waste of time and money. The world needs to see this fact and ban together to follow cheaper easier and faster ways of helping these poor pathetic people.

History of Plato Essay

Plato was born around the year 428 BCE into an established Athenian household with a rich history of political connections including distant relations to both Solon and Pisistratus. Platos parents were Ariston and Perict i, his older brothers were Adeimantus and Glaucon, and his teenageder sister was Pot unrivalled. In keeping with his family heritage, Plato was destined for the political life. solely the Peloponnesian War, which began a couple of years before he was born and continued until well after he was twenty, direct to the decline of the Athenian Empire.The war was followed by a rabid conservative spectral move manpowert that lead to the execution of Platos mentor, Socrates. Together these events forever altered the course of Platos life. The biographical tradition is firm in its observation that Plato engaged in some(prenominal) forms of poetry as a young man, totally later turning to philosophy. Aristotle tells us that sometime during Platos y out(a)h the philosoph er-to-be became acquainted with the doctrines of Cratylus, a student of Heraclitus, who, on with other Presocratic thinkers such as Pythagoras and Parmenides, provided Plato with the foundations of his metaphysics and epistemology.Upon meeting Socrates, however, Plato directed his inquiries toward the question of virtue. The formation of a majestic character was to be before all else. Indeed, it is a mark of Platos brilliance that he was to key in metaphysics and epistemology a host of moral and political implications. How we think and what we take to be real attain an important role in how we act. Thus, Plato came to believe that a philosophical comportment toward life would lead one to being just and, ultimately, happy.It is difficult to determine the precise chain of events that led Plato to the intricate web of beliefs that fuse metaphysics, epistemology, ethics and politics into a single inquiry. We can be certain, however, that the establishment of a government by Sparta (after the chaos of capital of Greece final defeat in 404), and the events that followed, dramatically affected the direction of his thinking. Following the garboil of the war, a short eight month oligarchical tyranny known as the Thirty Tyrants governed Athens. dickens of Platos relatives, Critias (his mothers uncle) and Charmides (his mothers brother) played roles in this regime. Critias was identified as one of the more extreme members and chief advocate of the government, while Charmides played a smaller role as one of the Eleven, a customs/police force which oversaw the Piraeus. The oligarchy made a practice of confiscating the estates of wealthy Athenians and occupant aliens and of putting many individuals to dying. In an effort to implicate Socrates in their actions, the Thirty ordered him to arrest Leon of Salamis.Socrates, however, resisted and was spared penalization only because a civil war eventually replaced the Thirty with a new and most radical democracy. A gener al amnesty, the first in history, was issued absolving those who participated in the reign of terror and other crimes committed during the war. But because many of Socrates associates were involved with the Thirty, public sentiment had turned against him, and he now had the reputation of being deep anti-democratic.In what appears to be a matter of guilt-by-association, a general prejudice was ultimately responsible for take Socrates to trial in 399 on the charges of corrupting the youth, introducing new gods into the city, atheism, and engaging in unusual religious practices. During his trial, which is documented in Platos Apology, Socrates explained that he had no interest to engage in politics, because a certain godly sign told him that he was to foster a just and noble lifestyle within the young men of Athens. This he did in casual conversations with whomever he happened to meet on the streets.When Socrates told the court that if set free, he would not stop this practice, cla iming that he essential follow the voice of his god over the dictates of the state, the court found him punishable (though by a narrow margin), and he was executed one month later. This final sequence of events must behave weighed heavily on Plato, who then turned away from politics, somewhat jaded by the foul behavior of the Thirty, disappointed by the follies of the democracy, and forever affected by the execution of Socrates.At this point Plato be Attica with other friends of Socrates and spent the next twelve years in travel and study. During this period, he sought out the philosophers of his day. He met with the wise-men, priests, and prophets of many different lands, and he apparently studied not only philosophy tho geometry, geology, astronomy, and religious matters. His exact itinerary is not known, but the earliest accounts report that Plato left Athens with Euclides and went to Megara from w present he went to visit Theodorus in Cyrene. From on that point he went t o Italy to study with the Pythagoreans (including Philolaus and Echecrates mentioned in the Phaedo), and then after Italy he went to Egypt.Whether or not Plato began to write philosophical dialogues prior to Socrates execution is a matter of debate. But most scholars touch that shortly after 399 Plato began to write extensively. Although the order in which his dialogues were written is a matter of strong debate, there is some consensus about how the Platonic corpus evolved. This consensus divides Platos writings into three broad groups. The first group, for the most part known as the Socratic dialogues, was probably written between the years 399 and 387.These texts are called Socratic because here Plato appears to remain relatively close to what the historical Socrates advocated and taught. One of these, the Apology, was probably written shortly after the death of Socrates. The Crito, Laches, Lysis, Charmides, Euthyphro, Hippias Minor and Major, Protagoras, Gorgias and Ion, were probably written throughout this twelve year period as well, some of them, homogeneous the Protagoras and Gorgias, most likely at its end. Plato was forty the first time he visited Italy.Shortly thereafter, he returned to Athens and founded the honorary society, located nearly a mile outside the city walls and named after the Attic hero Academus. The academy included a nice grove of trees, gardens, a gymnasium and many shrines including one dedicated to genus Athene herself, the goddess of the city. Plato created his own cult association, setting aside a portion of the honorary society for his purposes and dedicating his cult to the Muses. Soon this civilise became rather well-known on account of its common meals and sympotic lifestyle, modified, of course, to suit a new agenda.Indeed, Platos Academy was famed for its moderate eating and talk as well as all the appropriate sacrifices and religious observances. Overshadowing all of that was, of course, its philosophical activity. It seems that over the next twenty six years Platos philosophical guess became more profound and his dramatic talents more refined. During this period, what is sometimes called Platos middle or transitional period, Plato could have written the Meno, Euthydemus, Menexenus, Cratylus, Republic, Phaedrus, Symposium and Phaedo.These texts differ from the earlier in that they tend toward the grand metaphysical speculation that provides us with many hallmarks of Platonism, such as the method of hypothesis, the recollection theory and, of course, the theory of ideas, or forms, as they are sometimes called. In 367 Dionysus of Syracuse died, leaving his son as the supreme ruler of a growing empire. Dion, his uncle and guardian, persuaded young Dionysus II to send for Plato, who was to serve as his personal tutor. Upon arriving, Plato found the spot unfavorable for philosophy, though he attempted to teach the young ruler anyway.In 365, Syracuse entered into war, and Plato returned to Athens. (Around the same time, Platos most noted pupil, Aristotle, entered the Academy. ) In 361, Dion wrote Plato begging him to return. Reluctantly, Plato did so, setting out on his third and final voyage to Italy. But the situation had deteriorated beyond hope. Plato was soon spirited out of Syracuse from where he went back to Athens. We know little of the remaining thirteen years in Platos life. Probably sick of his wanderings and misfortunes in Sicily, Plato returned to the philosophical life of the Academy and, most likely, lived out his days conversing and writing.During this period, Plato could have written the so-called later dialogues, the Parmenides, Theatetus, Sophist, Statesman, Timaeus, Critias, Philebus and Laws, in which Socrates plays a relatively minor role and the metaphysical speculation of the middle dialogues is meticulously scrutinized. Plato died in 347, leaving the Academy to Speusippus, his sisters son. The Academy served as the model for institutions of higher l earning until it was closed by the Emperor Justinian in 529 CE, almost one thousand years later.

Reduce the Cost of Marker Making

RESEARCH REPORT HOW TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF MARKER make AND DECREASE THE WASTAGE OF FABRIC? textile INSTITUTE OF PAKISTAN Shakaib Iftikhar (AMM-3) Tariq Zaib(AMM-3) Arsalan Javed(AMM-3) Faiza Noor (AMM-3) TABLE OF CONTENTS short-change4 INTRODUCTION5 OBJECTIVES6 SCOPE OF THE THIS RESEARCH6 LITERATURE REVIEW7 EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY10 RESULTS11 DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS14 CONCLUSION16 APPENDIXES17 REFERENCES18ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would equivalent to acknowledge and extend my heartfelt gratitude to the following persons who hurl made the completion of this Lecture Notes execu slacken Our investigate Teacher, Maam Rakshanda Shah,for her vital encouragement, support and teaching. Maam Nazia, our Institute App atomic number 18l Lab Assistant, for providing marks and models. Mr Gamini, place of Appargonl Department for the constant reminders and much needed motivation. Mr Pardeep from Eastern Garments for providing us the lab settings and inspiration he xtended. All the work ers and staff of Eastern Garments who helped us in experimentations. Mr Lalith, Mr Salman and Mr Arsalan for assisting in the collection of the topics for the chapters. And Most especi anyy to my family and friends. ABSTRACT fool is a part of a paper on which the embodiments of e precise(prenominal) parts of the line ups are raddled so that garments drop be made by using minimum measuring of textile. Reducing the quantity message that overlord is being made businesslike so that textile wastage give the axe be cut back as much as likely.thither are two manner actings of mark do, the first star is manuall(a)y in which a specialized gull maker makes the makers and try to utilize all the textile so that another(prenominal) piece of textile is not necessitate. The other method is computerized method called Gerber engineering. In it the soft touchs are made in computers and the capability is set by computer to come down the fabric wastage. Saving the fabric is cru cial because is decrease the average damage so that profit maximization bottom of the inning occur. After conducting experiments the best method for change magnitude the stain faculty is Gerber (computerized).It makes the most efficient chumps which decreases the wastage of fabric. This saves the cost and benefits the garment manufactures as they fag end make more or less(prenominal) pieces ( conceptions) out of less(prenominal) fabric. INTRODUCTION In repenny years the number of bell ringers required by tog shapers has escalated disproportionately to growth. Orders are getting smaller, the number of different styles is increasing, and lead clock are getting shorter all of which put more pressure on the chump reservation department. So it is no surprise that sensitive automated patsy making tools are being launched onto the market.Niki Tait takes a look. The improved fabric utilisation associated with computerised marker making has helped this technology virtually take over from traditional manual methods over the last 25 to 30 years. With fabric accounting for somewhat 50 per cent of the ex-factory cost of a garment (more than 70 per cent in low cost prod countries), the 5 per cent saving associated with automated dodgings is key. In reality these marker making tools are computer assisted rather than computerised, with the skill of piece placement still relying on the experience of the marker maker.The computer plays a passive role, controlling the nesting constraints such as tilting, rotation and buffering while the floozy makes all the decisions. An experienced marker maker will remember combinations which have worked before, he squirt see what part might fit into which slot, and he knows what he can tilt approximately off gain to fit. In the last few years, however, CAD companies and research organisations throughout the world have been working to develop strategys to produce markers fully machine-controlledally.Its an extremely Gordian action disposed(p) all the possible combinations of pattern part placements within a lay, and one that only becomes worthwhile if the substantive utilisation matches that produced by a skilled marker maker using conventional computer systems. It is only now change state a viable option as the costs of high speed processing power and computer storage come down and computer software evolutions catch up. But for manufacturers the timing is a happy one as the number of markers and cost of making them has escalated disproportionately to growth.Orders are getting smaller, the number of different styles is increasing, and lead fourth dimensions are getting shorter all of which put more pressure on the marker making department. With automatic rifle marker making a series of parameters can be set. These include produce the best possible solution in 30 minutes try different combinations until a minimum of 91 per cent fabric utilisation is achieved dominate the best comb ination within 500 tries etc. The system can be left to work through a batch of instructions unattended both daytime and night, so time constraints become less of an issue.With most automated systems, however, there is overly the ability to commingle human intervention within the automated process. Most CAD companies agree this provides for the best solution, particularly where the marker is passage to be used for many repeats, on deep, long lays or where costly fabrics are going to be cut. OBJECTIVES This research has some(prenominal) objectives which are beneficiary for number of reasons. The first objective of this research is to summation the production per hour by increasing the susceptibility. energy is presently related to production because if the marker is efficient, it can be easily layed out on he large bundles of fabric. Another objective is to increase the susceptibility of the garment, when the marker made is good, the efficiency will increase and overall tincture of the garment will be improved. It will also decrease the waste produced by the cutting department since with marker making technology, fabric will be properly utilized. One more major objective is to meet the international tone of voice standards like for example ISO and etc. The objective goal of 83% percent efficiency which is the best in industries currently has to be met.This efficiency had to be tested on manual and computerized in auberge to find which gives the more efficiency and saves the fabric. SCOPE OF THE THIS RESEARCH One of the benefits of finding the efficiency was that the apparel industries require less labour to produce the garmants. The turna rape time of maker making is debaucheder if make all at one time and pricewise, it will cost less money to manufacture a garment in apparel industries just by stipendiary a flat rate for the whole process versus paying regular prize for each iodine job.The markers can be fully customized to fit any costum iers objectiveing needs and are offered to apparel companies, Professional business people, Artists, People with fresh objective inventions, young programers trying to launch for the first time a collection and people in common who want to create a small clothing line to sell their designs on an online website store. Turn around time for most jobs done through marker making is faster than making each individual pattern made separately.An efficient marker coordinates and organizes all the work flow to be done for the costumier and spends a great deal of time explaining each little detail of the design process to its design team who will be in charge and responsible for the completion of a given project. Pricewise, making a garment through 83 percent efficient computerized marker will cost a lot less money versus paying five to ten thousand rupees for the making each single pattern by hand. This amount of money is often spend by manufacturing companies who have the obligation of a ying all the salaries of their design team which can add up to thousands of rupees every week not forgetting the fact that paying regular prize for each individual pattern will always be more expensive than paying a flat rate for all the work to be done. In addition an efficient maker has many advantages, one of them is the ability to create many pattern and lay them on several fabrics in one location. This requires less space and the company can save its lot of space. Turnaround time for all pattern to be made are faster if done all at one time. LITERATURE REVIEWFor industrial garments preparation, marker making is a very important chapter for highest usage of fabric and for terminal wastage of fabric. This is a process which is performed to draw the pattern pieces on the fabric before cutting. This may be done by drawing the pattern pieces on the fabric directly or by drawing the pattern pieces on a thin marker paper and then placement the paper onto the fabric lay. So, we can d efine the marker as bellow. patsy is a thin paper which contains all necessary pattern pieces for all sizes for a particular style of garments in such a way that, fabric wastage would be least.The representation or drawing of the arrangement of identified garment pattern relevant to the cutting of a batch material. The marker is placed on the material and provides guideline for cutting. stain may be on fabric or held in computer data files. fool breadth is equal to the minimum fabric width and its length depends on the no of pattern sizes that will be drawn. Preparations of Marker Making out front the marker making, some preparatory processes would be followed. The processes are discussed ago (In preparatory processes chapter).Without those, some others preparations are * bulls eye Grain Line Before marker making, the grain line of pattern and fabric must be marked. * Fabric Measurement Before marker platformning, the fabric must be measured carefully. Because, marker widt h is relevant to the minimum fabric width. * Fabric Faults Fabric faults would be also under consideration. In a fabric roll, where any faults found, that points must be avoided for quality production and to least the fabric wastage. * Cutting remand Marker contriver should consider the cutting table length before making marker.Marker length must be less than the cutting table length. Constraints of Marker Making During marker making, the work of the marker planner is subjected to a number of constraints. These relate to i. The nature of the fabric and the desired result in the finished garment. ii. The requirements of quality in cutting. iii. The requirements of production planning. The nature of the fabric and the desired result in the finished garment * pattern alignment in relation to the grain of the fabric, pattern pieces usually carry a grain line.When pattern pieces are laid down the piece of cloth, the grain line should lie parallel to the line of the fudge in a wove n fabric or the wales in a knitted fabric. Where pattern pieces are laid across the piece, the grain line should lie parallel to the weft or course direction. If the marker planner lays down a pattern outside the stated rules for grain lines, then the finished garment will not hang and drape correctly when worn. This requirement to follow the grain lines restricts the freedom of the marker planner in choosing how to lay the patterns in the marker. * Symmetry or AsymmetryMany fabrics can be turned round (through 180. ) and retain the same appearance are called proportionate. They require no special attention during marker making. unsymmetrical fabrics are those which are turned (through 180. ) and do not retain the same appearance. Examples of such fabrics are kitty which is brushed in one direction and which show different reflection of light. The marker should be be after in such a way that it is in accordance with symmetry, asymmetry of the fabric. All pattern pieces of a garm ent should be along the same direction when laid down on a symmetrical fabric. * Design characteristics of the finished garmentsIf a vertical stripe does not show a complete mirror image repeat, the right and left sides of a garment may be mirror images of each other. In this case, a pattern should be placed on checks in such a way that the design matches when sewing up. During marker planning, a marker maker must have to think about twinned the checks and stripes in a garment. His freedom is restricted here. So I think it? s a constraints for a marker maker. The Requirements of Quality in Cutting * For majority of cutting situations where a knife mark is used, the placements of the pattern pieces in the marker must give freedom of knife movement.A blade, which has width, cannot turn a ideal right angle in the middle of pattern piece and space must always be allowed for a knife to turn such corners. The amount of space depends on the actual cutting method employed. * Pattern coun t check that the complete menu of pattern has been included. * Correct labeling of cut garments parts is inherent to identify correctly the garment parts for whole garment sizes. It is the responsibility of the marker planner to command every pattern pieces with its sizes as the marker is planned. The Requirements of Production PlanningWhen an put in placed for a quantity of garments, normally specifies a quantity of each size and colour. If the sewing room requires the cut work urgently, the marker may make two markers. 1. Short marker and 2. Long marker. * For long marker, it can be made jibe to the size proportion and different sizes. This process is very much efficient and takes more time and change magnitude shade variation. * For short marker and for the particular order two marker can be made, this process is less efficient but takes less time and more production and small cutting table. For complex garments long markers generally offer more opportunities for savings tha n do short ones. * The more sizes that included in a marker, the great are the scope for fabric savings. Greater fabric savings and after abase issue forth cost would normally result, from cutting a stepped lay with paper markers on top. However, though for greater efficiency, a marker maker needs opportunity to work with freedom, but for maintaining proper quality some criteria must be followed. That is why there are some constraints of marker making. Methods of Marker Making There are two methods of marker making. i. manual(a) method. ii. Computerized method.Here marker is produced in two ways. 1. Marker drawn directly on fabric lay. 2. Marker drawn on marker paper. EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY In order to find out which method gives near 83 % efficiency, the data collected was analyzed by the means of statistical mathematics. 5 samples had to be selected from each 1. Manual Marker Making 2. Computerized Marker Making The computerized Marker making will be further tested using 7 d ifferent computerized machines for making markers. In total there were 5 samples from manual and 35 samples from Computerized Marker Making which means that there were total 40 samples of markers. 75 yards of fabric was used to lay markers on them. Each technique and machine was given 175 yards of fabric and the total fabric utilized was 7000 yards. The experiment was done two hundred measure in order to get 5 samples from each technique and method. In order to find out the efficiency, there is a formula which calculates it. The formula is Area of the patterns X 100 Area of the marker Out of 200 samples 40 samples were selected through simple random selection. 5 samples were selected from manual marker and 35 samples were selected from computerized marker making.After consume the results were put in the table and the mean of efficiency was calculated for the left out samples in order to find out how much efficiency at max could be given. RESULTS The 5 selected samples from each m ethod and technique were taken out and their efficiency was calculated. After getting their efficiency they were put in the table to find out the mean efficiency produced by them. MANUAL MARKER making attempt 1 sampling 2 pattern 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 76. 56% 78. 34% 67. 66% 61. 2% 67. 3% Mean efficiency of manual marker making= 70. 2 % Efficiency from manual marker making can be of maximum 70. % but the required efficiency is 83% which makes the saves the fabric most. COMPUTERIZED MARKER MAKING LECTRA Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 81 80 79. 9 79. 7 81. 3 Mean efficiency from Lectra = 80. 38% Efficiency from Lectra marker making can be of maximum 80. 38 % but the required efficiency is 83% which makes the saves the fabric most. COMPUTERIZED MARKER MAKING NESTER Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 78. 9 77. 7 81. 2 81. 3 80. 18 Mean efficiency from nester = 79. 85% Efficiency from squatter marker making can be of maximum 79. 5 % but the required effic iency is 83% which makes the saves the fabric most. COMPUTERIZED MARKER MAKING GERBER Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 85 86 82. 3 83. 3 83 Mean efficiency from Gerber = 83. 92% Efficiency from Gerber marker making can be of maximum 83. 92 % and the required efficiency is 83% which saves the fabric most and it means that Gerber met the required efficiency percentage. Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 82 82. 2 81. 37 82. 67 82. 73 COMPUTERIZED MARKER MAKING AUTOMATIC NESTER Mean efficiency from Automatic Nester = 82. 1%Efficiency from Automatic Nester marker making can be of maximum 82. 1 % and the required efficiency is 83% which saves the fabric most. COMPUTERIZED MARKER MAKING ASSYST BULLER Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 81 79. 8 81. 8 81 80 Mean efficiency from Assyst Bullmer= 80. 72% Efficiency from Assyst Bullmer marker making can be of maximum 80. 72 % and the required efficiency is 83% which saves the fabric most. Sample 1 Sample 2 S ample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 82. 33 82. 23 81. 36 82. 90 82. 88 COMPUTERIZED MARKER MAKING TUKATECH Mean efficiency from Tukatech = 82. 34%Efficiency from Tukatech marker making can be of maximum 82. 34 % and the required efficiency is 83% which saves the fabric most. DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS Lectra Because material savings are a fundamental factor for every apparel firm, Lectra has spent the last 25 years developing solutions that apply state-of-the-art technology for material optimisation. Diamino V4 is its latest computer assisted version which, when combined with Expert V4, provides an automatic marker-making tool that can dispense all kinds of fabrics and generate entire markers or complete partially operator-processed markers.Lectra says its intelligent software takes into account the specialized requirements of different garments, fabrics and pattern pieces. Gerber Technology Maximizing fabric utilisation is not the only consideration of marker making the time it takes is i ncreasingly important too. Gerber Technology has modified its AccuMark and Micromark software to allow parts to be rotated according to specified laying and style rules. The grain line deviation can also be defined. For the actual automation of the marker production its software has been integrated with Nester Server. NesterNester is available in two versions NesterServer as an upgrade to CAD systems from Gerber, Assyst, Asahi, Toray, PAD and VetiGraph and the Nester complete nesting system. This software tool mechanically generates cost-effective markers for production, cost and engineering. It also combines automatic and semi-automatic options. The company claims Nesters return on investment is realised in under six months. Fabric savings with automatic nesting Nester Inc offers this real-life example of a sportswear manufacturer cutting $30 million of fabric annually. Four production markers were given to Nester to process automatically.On average, Nester generated layouts that w ere superior to CAD-based manual results by 1. 05 per cent. The average length used in the four markers was 714. 21 cm with Nester and 721. 85 cm with traditional CAD-based manual nesting. On average, NESTER outperformed a CAD operator by 7. 64 cm, or 1. 05 per cent. If this saving were extended over the entire marker population in this factory, 1. 05 per cent fabric savings would equate to $315,000 per annum. Pad Systems Although Pad Systems software integrates with Nester, it also has its own automatic marker making system.Within this, individual pattern pieces are directly related to the base pattern piece, so any changes to the pattern are automatically reflected in the marker. This feature is important in a fast changing fashion industry where patterns may be modified several times throughout the development of a style. New markers are based on a similar, though previously manually made, marker of a comparable style and material. Thus Pads automatic marker combines the original manual skill of the marker maker with the processing speed of the computer.This combination, the company explains, results in similar fabric utilisation but the new marker is achieved in a fraction of the time. Assyst Bullmer Assyst Bullmer no longer supplies automatic marker making software to its customers, explaining that automarker. com uses the most up-to-date software, is maintenance-free, and is available 24/7. On their own CAD systems customers define the width of marker, the sizes to plan and constraints such as whether rotation or twisting off grain is allowed. This is then sent to the website and the results transfer by the factory or sub contractor.Users include manufacturers in Eastern Europe where the comparable cost of manual lay planning on a CAD system would be low. Tukatech Tukatechs automatic marker making facility is called Nest ++ and is of particular use in helping cater for overload or rush orders, for large ratio markers and to estimate the best efficiencie s on many fabric widths during pre-production. Efficiencies are utter to be comparable to manually placing pieces in the CAD system (approximately 1 to 3 per cent difference). Users can start a marker with manual placement and Nest++ will finish the job automatically.Benefits are said to include increases in material efficiency with subsequent decreases in material waste, time and labour savings in making markers improvements in overall marker quality tighter markers avoidance of backlogs during peak periods and fast, circumstantial cost proposals for clients. FINDINGS After experimentation the GERBER machine, is the best in reducing waste and giving the more efficiency. It is break up to install Gerber rather than installing any other experimented CAD machine. Manual should be eliminated as the system is very faulty and old. CONCLUSIONIn manual system the system is used to make maker for garment making is traditional. But in CAD system marker making is done in modern system. Mar ker efficiencies are not visible in manual system. Other hand, marker efficiency is visible in CAD system. Marker length is not visible in manual system while Marker length is visible in monitor screen at CAD system. In manual, once marker is made, it is not possible to increase its efficiency. But in CAD it is possible to increase the efficiency at any time possible which means that fabric can be saved. In manual if the marker is layed, nothing can be done about it.Marker copying is not possible manually, so it is very time consuming to trace each and every other marker out there. In CAD, by using Plotter as much as possible copy can be done. Manual marker making is very time consuming method whereas, CAD is a faster method. In manual system quality cannot be assured, sometimes markers can be good other times really faulty but in CAD, it has quality assurance. Even though manual system costing is low, CAD is expensive but the labour cost reduced saves cost in the long scathe and s ince markers can be utilized again and again there is no special need of hiring a professional marker maker to make the atterns and lay them on fabrics. Out of all the CAD system Gerber turned out to be the best since it has an automatic efficiency calculator and it evens shows and tells that this much amount of fabric would be wasted if the efficiency percentage is low. Therefore, apparel industries are recommended to use Gerber as their primary arising for making Patterns and makers. APPENDIXES 1. Marker Making Marker is a part of a paper on which the patterns ofall parts of the garments are drawn so that garments can be made by usingminimum quantity of fabric. 2. Marker EfficiencyThe efficiency of marker making means that how efficient it is in saving the fabric. 3. Computerized Marker Making Markers which are made through the means of Computer 4. Manual Marker Making Markers which are prepared manually by a trained professional 5. Laying The putting of patterns/makers on the bu ndles of fabric. 6. Plotter This is in computerized maker making. In plotter line diagrams of patterns or makers are drawn. REFERENCES 1. Garment Construction Skills (Premlata Mullick) 2. Apparel Manufacturing (Sewn Product Analysis) 3. Patternmaking for Gerber Technology (Helen Joseph-armstrong) 4. www. scribd. com/doc/61990320/Marker-Making