Oral Hygiene during Placement Simulation

Oral hygienics during Placement SimulationIn this essay, I will be reflecting on the importance of oral hygienics and my experience of giving and receiving oral hygiene rush whilst on organization simulation.In conclusion, I will see my own personal fracturement in undertaking and completing this development and achieving it.The c are of a patients mouth forms an important component of assisting hygiene of necessity and yet is an aspect of practice which is non always afforded the attention it in full deserves. It is also a role which too often delegated to health care assistants.Research shows that, in the United States, nosocomial pneumonia ranks second in morbidity and first in mortality among nosocomial infections. The treatment of nosocomial pneumonia adds 5 to 7 days to the hospital stay of surviving patients and billions of dollars to healthcare costs. animadversionThere are different perplexs of animadversion one of which is Gibbs (1988). Reflection is the actio n of reviewing an experience in order to describe, analyses, evaluate and so inform learning about practice (Reid1993).I will use this reflection influence in guiding me because it has helped focusing on different aspects of an experience, and exploiting their full capability for learning will be more appreciated.Reflection in skipper practice, how ever so, gives back not what it is, but what might be, an improvement on the true (Moon 1999).DescriptionAs part of placement simulation, I was part of a mathematical group introduced to oral hygiene care. It is one of the core requirements in maintaining the hygiene needs of a patient. When we were told to bring in a towel and tooth brush, I was interpreted aback as to what was the need for them?I went to the multi-skills laboratory not bonking what will befall me. My manner of speakingr introduced us to a escape of chemicals for oral hygiene. I had used some(prenominal) before but on this occasion, there was one I had not tried and used before. I was assigned a colleague to return the opportunity of experiencing the giving and receiving of oral hygiene by cleaning his teeth with toothbrush and pepsodent and vice versa.We performed as instructed.FeelingsUpon commencement of bodily process, my views of healthy oral care were not very(prenominal) construct to me. Generally I perceived cleaning your teeth as be much like washing a face. I felt very embarrassed and inadequate and consequently, felt very uncomfort qualified as I have not done this to anyone outside of my family. On his part, it was obvious from his reception that he had no confidence in me, intellection I was exhalation to brush his teeth hard. It highlighted the complex problems I have to solve in practice and the provision of care needs to patients for whom I may not have had contact with before. I thought my pride and dignity had been taken away from me but later felt comfortable having understood what it was generally. hypercritical AnalysisHelping patients/service users to meet their hygiene needs is a fundamental component of nursing care. Again, helping patients to meet their personal hygiene needs provides any nurse with an ideal opportunity to undertake a thorough physical, emotional and cognitive assessment of the patient.Although it seemed difficult at the beginning, by the time we performed on each other for the third time with hike we had developed a good working relationship.Encouraging students to acknowledge their transc eradicateent capacity helps them to appreciate their strengths and weaknesses (SWOT). Jasper (2003) regards SWOT analysis as getting to know yourself. The understanding of our skills and abilities and the awareness of where our limits lie is seen as crucial to being able to act as a professional practitioner. After identifying and analyzing of my own strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, I showed no more discomfort and shown more interest in the activity as our lectur er continued talked us through. Jackson and Mannix (2001) note that fare of interest the nurse shows in the learning needs of the student and the come across role he or she plays in their achievement are inbred to the students development.It is strange that sometimes you do things or know what things are without ever really stopping and analysing it. Most students and many professionals note that learning acquired from placement experience is much more meaningful and relevant than that acquired in the lecture room (Quinn 2000).Boud et al 1985 argue it is common for reflection to be case-hardened as if it were an intellectual exercise a simple matter of thinking rigorously. However, reflection is not solely a cognitive process emotions are central to all learning.ConclusionCaring for a patient requires a relationship and empathy. By developing collaborative relationship with patients, I idler provide prompt and focused interventions which can limit illness.Action formulateMy a im is to be proactive in the future by forthwith opening up. I aim to develop the skill of emotional resilience to be able to deliver and receive any care.Conclusion alike many others on the group, I thought that students were there through choice, they wanted to learn. As a result of this I expected the group to be mature and behaved. Due to my lack of experience in care and the telephone line title of student nurse, I perceived that most sessions would run in a lecture format. This was probably a very naive move around on my part, however following my first two sessions, I completed that if I was to be a successful student nurse, I had to admit my approach. I needed to focus more upon my involvement and participation, getting the group involved in sessions would help to improve my learning process.However as I develop my nursing skills and also my ability to reflect, I have begun to realise that the process of reflection is more complex than Gibbs (1988) suggests. Whilst Gib bs highlights key areas of the process, I feel that reflection is not as cyclical as this model implies. As my reflective skills develop, I am finding myself jumping some stages of the cycle, revisiting others and in some instances digressing in different directions.I feel that this represents my views of reflection as I have a start point (the experience) and an end point (the outcomes/actions), but how I get there is down to my tip of thought. Whilst at this stage of my development I would not class myself as a successful, I believe I am working to develop the skills required to be successful.

Determination of aspirin and caffeine

Determination of aspirin and caffeineResults make out and mark the signals in the spectra and nary(prenominal) the chemical substance shift values of the methyl resonances in aspirin and caffeine and the methylene resonance in s-trioxane. utilise above expression, calculate the weight of aspirin and caffeine in unrivalled anovulatory drug, and the percentage w/w of distributively comp peerlessnt in oneness analgesic tablet.Whole tablet weighed = 0.501Half tablet weighed = 0.270Mass of s-trioxane = 0.05RMM of aspirin = 180RMM of caffeine = 194RMM of s-trioxane = 90No. of moles of components = component intrinsic/no. of protons well-favoured signalNo. of moles of standard standard integral/ no. of protons adult signalTo find out the weight and percentage w/w of acetylsalicylic acid and Caffience following calculations were madeAspirinNo of moles of components (x) = ?No of moles of standard = mount of s-trioxane / RMM of s-trioxane= 0.05 / 90 = 0.000555Component integral = 20 2.72No of protons giving signal = 3 mensuration integral = 200No of protons giving signal = 6 putting values in the above eq.1x / 0.000555 = (202.72/3) / (200/6)x/0.000555 = 67.57 / 33.33x = 67.57 x 0.000555 / 33.33x = 0.00113 molesMass of aspirin = moles x RMM= 0.00113 x 180 = 0.203g = 203mg% w/w of aspirin in the tablet = mass of aspirin / mass of the tablet x 100= 0.203 / 0.501 x 100= 40.5%CaffeineNo of moles of components (x) = ?No of moles of standard = mass of s-trioxane / RMM of s-trioxane= 0.05 / 90 = 0.000555Component integral = 14.0No of protons giving signal = 3Standard integral = 200No of protons giving signal = 6Putting values in the above eq.1x / 0.000555 = (14.0/3) / (200/6)x/0.000555 = 4.66 / 33.33x = 4.66 x 0.000555 / 33.33x = 0.0000775 molesMass of caffeine = moles x RMM= 0.000075 x 194 = 0.0145g = 14.5 mg% w/w of aspirin in the tablet = mass of aspirin / mass of the tablet x 100= 0.0145 / 0.501 x 100= 2.89%Discussion remark on the chemical shift positions of the m ethyl groups in aspirin and caffeine.Aspirin shows about 6 singlets in the spectrum, all in different environment. It has got one methyl group which gives rise to a singlet at ? 2.3498 as there are no neighbours and the n+1 rule is followed. It has integral of 3 as tierce protons are giving rise to the chemical shift at ? 2.3498. The four singlets between ? 7.1292 ? 8.1123 correspond to benzene think protons. In aspirin there is a very broad singlet at ? 11.0082 receivable to the carbonyl next to hydroxyl proton which shifts it towards the left cut into side.Caffeine has got three methyl groups which give rise to three singlets as all the three methyl groups are in different environments to each other. All the three peaks have integral of 3 which arises due to the three protons on each methyl groups. The first singlet at ? 3.4133 is due to the protons (a) next to nitrogen with single bond. The second singlet is seen at ? 3.5910 synonymic to protons(c) next to double bonded carbon and oxygen and the last methyl singlet (b) at ? 4.004 is due to the protons next to devil double bonded oxygens attached to two carbons. There is also a singlet seen at ? 7.5172 that arises due to a single proton CH between two nitrogens.Compare your results to the contents claimed by the producer and discuss any differences observed.How does this method compare with determinations by UV absorbance and HPLC. What are the proton magnetic resonance methods limitations?UV techniques are simple and rapid. It posterior be utilize for the quantitative determination of highly conjugated compounds and metal ions. Metal ions cigarette be coloured and determined by UV. HPLC is a separation techniques employ for compounds on basis of their rate of elution and can separate complex mixtures. HPLC depth psychology is very quick with high resolution. The stationary column can be used repeatedly for number of times. In HPLC analysis, automated instrumentation and quantitation can be us ed. It also has low sensitivity and accuracy. NMR is an expensive technique. Compared to UV and HPLC the instrumentation is more costly. The sample to be analyzed has to be poverty-stricken of any contaminants. It takes longer time as compared to the other techniques mentioned. In NMR the chemical shift corresponds to the structure of the molecule being analysed so for compounds with interchangeable structures it is difficult to separate the signals. Also it is an insensitive technique.Referenceshttp//www.pg.gda.pl/chem/CEEAM/Dokumenty/Warsztaty/Levsen.pdfhttp//wiki.answers.com/Q/Advantages_and_disadvantages_of_HPLChttp//www.answers.com/topic/hplc-high-performance-liquid-chromatographyhttp//www-unix.oit.umass.edu/mcclemen/581Proteins.htmlhttp//wapedia.mobi/en/Ultraviolet-visible_spectroscopyhttp//books.google.co.uk/books?id=Dvoeg3erhRECpg=PA297lpg=PA297dq=limitations+of+ nuclear magnetic resonance+spectroscopysource=blots=ea8zhh6QdCsig=v3mtaKE11Git3TMIX06mK3KD3yIhl=enei=BStBS5abEJ j20wTkg6mSBQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=6ved=0CBoQ6AEwBTgKv=onepageq=limitations%20of%20nmr%20spectroscopyf=false

An Analysis Of The Financial Situation Marketing Essay

An Analysis Of The pecuniary mooring Marketing EssayUpon the no-hit completion of ACCAs fundamental level, I met the eligibility criteria of BSc honours degree Programme, offered by Oxford Brookes University in protrudenership with ACCA for ACCA students. I had to select a field of reputation from a vast variety of to a greater completion than twenty topics to embark upon. subsequently neat listing them bingle by one, I decided to submit Topic 8 The dividing line and monetary exercise of an organisation e actuallyplace a three year stage for my research project.There were around(prenominal) dry lands for choosing this position topic. Apart from my personal post, I take to bed to apply my schoolman learning into a real world scenario as studying F7, Financial promulgateing in the fundamental level of ACCA and P2, Corporate Reporting in the Professional Level, gave me high c onceptual grip of fiscal analysis. It would too grow helpful to me in the future as I deal a strong desire to invest into Plcs finished the stock exchange once I start my c arer as an Investment Banker.I cute to analyze on an organisation that operated in a highly emulous environment so that I would be able to compare its results with a competitor to see the financial and ope symmetrynal performance and the relation to the proposed system. This would withal help make the intelligence servicepaper publisher more inte relaxation behavioring for the readers. Increasing kink in fashion, radical wear stigmatizes existence introduced and the rapidly changing modal value sense of people, brought me to the conclusion to select an scheme in the robes switch manufacturing.After researching on a a couple of(prenominal) of the leading nocks in the change state industry of UK, I decided to analyse the financial performance of beside Plc and to compare it with tag and Spencers. unite common landwealth Clothing MarketIn 1992, the United Kingdom clothing co mmercialise emerged from the respite of the late 1980s and has move to benefit from the renaissance of full(prenominal) path dismissing passim the 1990s. In late 1996, early 1997, the clothing sell industry showed signs of existence boosted by the continued growth in personal spending, aided close new-fangledly by the payments consumers received from the building society conversion. In point to prevent frugal everywhereheating, the United Kingdom government and its major financial institutions were keen to dampen consumer spending. This occurred with the Bank of Englands decision to raise disport rates.The existence of new entrants into the clothing securities industry and their, expansion, growth and diversification of outlets some(prenominal) in the chain and independent sector at all ends of the market i.e high, mid, and low were also important factors in the development of the United Kingdom clothing industry. Furthermore the retailers, revolutionized and thoug ht to introduce new ways to dole out their ingatherings. One of the popular methods was via the mail- regularize classs. This has now been super seeded by the arrival of television and Internet-based clothing outlets. There are in excess of 25,000 habilitate retailing businesses in the United Kingdom, with a combined outlet essence of 45,500 outlets.1.2 Company ProfileThe adjoining retail chain was launched in February 1982 and the initiatory store opened with an exclusive coordinated collection of stylish clothes, piazza and accessories for women. Collections for men, children and the nursing home straightawayly followed. contiguous clothes are styled by the in-house mark team to offer consistency of style, quality and value for money with a contemporary fashion edge.( following Plc, Business Overview, The contiguous Brand online) close Plc is a crack name in the United Kingdom clothing market for stylish, arcy men and women between 20 and 40 long time of age. Mensw ear, womenswear, childrenswear and babywear is part ot the expansion into all the sectors of the clothing market under the NEXT set label.Today near Plc employees over 30,000 people and operates from more than 500 stores in the UK and Eire and over 170 franchise stores oversea, including Europe, Asia and Middle East. This makes beside Plc, one of the biggest High Street retailers in the United Kingdom. Over the last few eld several larger format stores puzzle opened across the UK and, in October 2005, following opened the anchor store at the Manchester Arndale Centre with a store in excess of 80,000 square feet. succeeding(a) Plc mainly operates through 5 basic divisions future(a) Retail operates the high street shops through more than 330 stores covering the UK and Ireland contiguous Directory is the mail locate division which also contain the e-commerce platformNext Overseas operates retail outlets in the United States, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East through franchise agreementsThe fraternity also provides home obtain and financial services, that make up the different 2 divisionsVentura runs the financial services division by providing customer services management to clients regard to outsource their customer contact administ balancen and fulfilment activitiesOther activities accommodate telecommunications software services and property management.For the first time in idealistic 1985, Next launched its interiors range of soft furnishings for the home. Following the success of this diversification and the introduction of Next directory and home shopping, later in 1993, Next Plc announced its brand strategy, of One Brand Two Ways of Shopping, bringing together the common ranges across both retail and home shopping formats.1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE REPORTThe primary feather aim of this reputation is to evaluate the business and financial performance of Next plc between, the three years ended, from 28th January 2006 to 24th January 2009 .The main focus of this penning potful be summarized intoTo study Next Plcs Business Strategy and how it has facilitated Next Plc to achieve success.To analyze and present financial selective information in a manner which get out enable to evaluate the overall financial performance of Next Plc from the year-ended 28/01/2006 to 24/01/2009.To analyze the nature of clothing retail industry and the competitive environment in which Next Plc operates, and the affects it had on the company.1.4 executive director SummaryExciting,beautifully designed,excellent quality clothing and homewarepresented in collections that reflect the aspi rations and implicates of our customers ( yearbook Report 06)Next Plcs aim is to provide its customers with full(a) quality clothing at a reasonable price. According to Michael Porter, in terms of Porters Generic Strategies this would be more of a stuck in the middle position, as it is competing with the market constitute leaders as intumesce as produ ct unlikeiators. However, the success of Next Plc has shown that it has successfully operated in oftentimes(prenominal) a mid-market position and has through with(p) very headspring to implement its strategy.The overall business strategy has been successful. Despite an real programme of expansion over the last few years, the company has continued to gain profits, besides the decline in 2009 due to the un immutable prudence of United Kingdom. It has been forced to close only four outlets due to unretentive performance over the other(prenominal) years.The above chart shows a calm down enlarge of 32.3% during the years 2004 to2008. This followed brand-strengthening strategies and a new perspective in overseas development.During the three fiscal years ended, the performance of the conclave hobo be summarised as followsTurnover change magnitude by 7.17%Profit originally impose change magnitude by 10.91%Earnings per division incresed by 32.41%Dividends change magnitude by 25%Overall the figures are non much high, exclusively they disembodied spirit promising and invite shown a steady improvement over the years except in 2009 when the figures declined steeply.The sort has set a target to increase its sales turnover in the years to come and increse its earnings per share, that is one of the intimately important financial objective. Uncertain sparing outlook, rising tax income rates and weakinig pound against euro and long horse may act as barriers to this target, but it is highly probable that it will be achieved, by let on and efficicient stock, gross profits, monetary values, including command processing bang and administration cost functions.2 INFORMATION GATHERING2.1 Sources apply and their reasons2.1.1 primary ResearchPrimary research is the research in which the researcher collects professional data directly well-nigh the product, market and organization by some(prenominal) means appropriate to answer the research questions i. e it is specificially related to a particular Research Project. It is data that did not exist before. due(p) to the availability of capable information from secondary sources, I felt that there was no wish of primary data. Hence, most of my work is based on secondary sources.2.1.2 secondhand researchI used cardinal main sources for the secondary research.depository libraryI went through various books in the College library. I used BPP study text Success in your research and analysis project which gave me an sign outline, approach, and structuring for the project.Studying the Bsc Oxford Brookes Information Pack gave me the essential information on how to go about the project.The study texts published for ACCA examinations provided me with an array of analytical tools to use in achieving the aims of this report.Electronic researchI mainly relied on the Internet to phrase this report, as there was vast information available on the internet, needful for this report. The various databases and search engines to collect the information I needed for the report wereNext Plcs website was the most important and authentic source of information. It provided me with the annual reports, company profile, its history and all the other information I needed for this report which includes the audited financial statements aswell. The website also had an archive of company news which gave me a hindsight of the more immediate matters faced by the company.Competitor websites (for the same reasons)Reuters website (http//stocks.us.reuters.com), this provided me with the financial statements of Sainsburys and Tesco for the past five years along with ratios of both companies and the industry averages for the electric topical period. peachy of the United Kingdom Stock Exchange website, providing details of historic share performance and pertinent industry and competitor newsUsing internet search engines (Google, and Wikipedia) to join information related to Next Plcs and the U K clothing retail industry.Other business related databases used to obtain relevant industry and competitor news areFinancial Times (www.ft.com)Accountancy age (www.accountancyage.com)Business hebdomad (www.businessweek.com)BBC (www.bbc.co.uk)2.2 Methods UsedInformation gathering is a critical and crutial phase, as the satisfying of the research is based on the information gathered, so it should be done in an organized and systematic way.Information access has become simpler with huge details and volume available online and offline therefore a plan has to be do beforehand to be able to extract the relevant and ideal material in order to form a well-structured and organized report, which is well-to-do to understand to the users of the report.Main method I used to collect the information was to use the GOOGLE search engine. By just entering a few key words in the search bar it provided me with the links of numerious different websites, that contained loads of information, which was both relevant and irrelevant for this report,. So I went through all the information and chose the one that was relevant and necesaary to formulate this report.I wanted to gull the relevant material in hand before I actually started the report writing process. I started my research way before I actually started to write the report, so as I used to browse different websites, I bookmarked the web pages which had the relevant articles so that I would not have any problems referencing the information if I had chosen to credit it in my report. I printed the Financial Statements of Next Plc that I downloaded from its website and had also trade it into MS Excel to perform the ratio analysis on.3 epitome3.1 PORTERS GENERIC STRATEGIESNext Plcs aim is to concentrate on the design, quality and value of the product, together with excellent customer service and deliver. ( magic Barton, chair Next Plc, Annual Report 2009)Michael Porter identified three generic wine strategies (See add ition A) by which organizations gain competitive return. Porter argued that to be successful an organization should select and implement one of the strategies, i.e. either cost-leadership or differentiation. According to Porters viewpoint Next Plc would be a classic stuck in the middle whereby it is try to compete with the Industry Cost Leaders, Primark etc. as well as the Product Differentiators, House Of FraserHowever, the overall success of Next Plc has proved kind of the opposite and there exists another viewpoint that a single generic strategy is not always best because deep down the same product customers often seek multi-dimensional satisfactions such as a combination of quality, style, convenience, and price.Next Plc seeks to provide its customers with fair price products without compromising on their quality and has been successfully operated in such a mid-market position.When interpreted narrowly as referring to the orison of a product to its target buyers, the propo sition that firms should not be stuck in the middle should not be taken to imply that companies must be down-market or up-market, but nothing in-between. Such a view is belied by the evident success of companies such as Next Plc, which earn firm economic rents in a mid-market position.PIMS (Profit impact of selling strategy) data and other evidence shows, however, that intermediate positions are indeed profitable and are successfully exploited by numerous firms.(Michael Cronshaw, Evan Davis and John Kay (1994), pp. 19-33)3.2 SWOT ANALYSIS Next PlcSTRENGTHSBrand NameNiche strategyWEAKNESSESE-CommerceConcentrated marketOPPORTUNITIES puff into EUMarketing OpportunityTHREATSCompetitor price war savingStrengthsBRAND NAMENext Plc uses its own label Next to sell its products. Customers of Next associate themselves with the Next label. As they use their own brand it is easier for them to act on customers wishes and to adapt them very quickly keeping control over the quality management. NICHE STARTEGYNext Plc adapts a niche strategy and its main target company is between the ages of 20-40. This strategy has worked quite well over the past years and it has emerged as one of the strengths of Next Plc, intent adult fashion wear for the people between 20-40. While some of its competitors have problems to satisfy this segment, NEXT managed it very well in the past, selling their stylish products at reasonable prices.WEAKNESSESE-COMMERCEAlthough Next Plc introduced its online shopping in 1999 and the entire collection is available to shop from on the internet, but Next Plc does not invest a signifi give the sackt amount on e-commerce as its competitors do. Debenhams for workout invest approximately GBP 5m on internet technology while on the other hand Marks Spencer spend around GBP 50m on e-commerce and digital TV.Trend of internet shopping is increasing rapidly therefore Next Plc should reconsider their IT strategy and invest more into e-commerce to stay in the com petition. voiceless MARKETNext operates in a highly competitive retail clothing market, therefore there is concentration of similar type of clothing manufactures, e.g. Marks Spencer, Arcadia. This can damage Next, if competitors gain the market share or if consumers change their habits and Next does not adapt to these changes quickly.OPPORTUNITIESEXPAND INTO EU more than 90% of the revenue generated by Next Plc is within the UK under the brand names of Next Retail and Next Directory. However there is an fortune to increase the revenue and sales by expanding its operation into EU countries. Next Plc has already its operations in mainland China, Hong Kong, Romania, Sri Lanka, India, Turkey but if it expands into EU it can diversify the risk of the concentration of UK retail market and the strength of big(p) Britain Pound over Euro, which currently is not that high due to the recession but in future this can be a good source of income.MARKETING OPPORTUNITYNext plc is already running a groundbreaking mail order operation Next Directory, which was launched in 1988 with a hard brook, creating the blueprint for catalogue retailing. It is ranked number one among the High Street names that offer mail order clothing. This is an legal marketing techniques added by Next Directory, i.e. the online shopping service for its targeted age assembly 20-40 as they have minuscule time to do their shopping. This could be a great opportunity for Next to increase its market share.THREATSCOMPETITOR PRICE WARThe UK clothing retail industry is a highly competitive industry. Next Plc has over the past few years managed to compete very well and on occasion offering sale and promotions as well. However if cost-leaders retaliate this, it may have serious consequences as the business strategy of Next Plc is different to the cost-leaders, such as Primark, and it may not be able to compete with them in this area. Also indulging in a price war would mean that the quality of its products may have to be compromised.ECONOMYDue to the upstart credit crunch, UK rescue generally is facing a downturn. This has affected many industrys including retail. This is one of the main reason for the downfall in the revenue of Next Plc in 2009.The other worrying factor is the weakning of pound, this affects adversly to Next Plc due to its world(prenominal) suppliers.According to the analysts, UK economy will improve in 2010, and bringing back the sales for Next Plc.PEST AnalysisPoliticalA stable and sound political environment is the basis for long-term decisions. The United Kingdom, as a Member State of the European amalgamation, fulfils this prerequisite. The government has to act within a definite political framework to achieve the conditions of the European Union and this guarantees Next Plc a higher scope of economic actions.Another advantage of the European Union is the open transfer of goods. This makes it easier for Next Plc to sell their products in the different Europ ean countries. There are no trade barriers that change sales.EconomicUnited Kingdom had a stable economy in the last few years but since 2008, it is experiencing one of the worst recession in the history. This has affected closely all of the businesses in the United Kingdom.Due to this, Pound has become weaker than Euro and Dollar. This can be alarming for Next Plc, as these both are the main purchasing currencies oof the group. Secondly, due to this, foreign investments have become expensive for the group and it may become a burial vault for the group in order to expand overseas. The group now, can not exploit the favourable economic conditions of United Kingdom, when the Pound was exceedingly stong in the past few years where the group expanded its operaions the most.SocialThe affable structure has changed dramatically over the last few years. People are eager to find more convinent way to shop e.g internet shopping and shopping from home, due to the busy life and lack of tim e to go and shop from the retail stores.Nexts target customers are in the range of 20 to 40. People in this age group are much busier than rest and prefer to shop online, due to their interest in technology.In order to retain this customer age group, Next Plc must need to understand the needs of people and respond immediately. This will also result in customer satisfaction and an increase in market share for the group if it tends to satisfy its customers .TechinlogicalThe age of Internet and the reception of new media reveal a lot of potential opportunities for Next Plc to boost profits Therefore the group relies heavily on its sub-brand Next Directory, through which customers can shop online, handily from home or through a mail order catalogue and the products are delivered the next day. Using this method the group can react instantly to changes in behaviours of its customers.3.4 FINANCIAL PERFORMANCEThe activities of the company in recent years have resulted in an exceptional fin ancial performance.3.4.1 SALES revenue enhancementThe sales revenue of the group increase reasonablly well in the two years 2006-2008. Revenue incresed from 3106.20m to 3283.80m during the year ended 27th January 2007 resulting in an increase of 5.71% and in the year ended 28th January 2008, revenue further change magnitude by 1.37% showing a consistant performance. This was achieved by roburst performance of Next Directory, and an legal cost control system.These are good results in a period of economic slowdown and are a reflection of the efforts we have made in building and improving the Next brand. (John Barton, chairwoman Next Plc, Annual Report 2008)In 2009 the revenue of the group fell by 1.73% from 3329.10M in 2008 to 3271.50M in 2009.It was a tough year for the group, mainly because of the unstable economic conditions of UK as a whole, which began by the end of 2008 and still continues to worsen.Another reason for the decline in the turnover was the weakening of Great Britain Pound against dollar and euro, which are the main purchasing currencies of the group.But still the group did well to survive in these conditions and the management was pretty much optimistic about the financial conditions of the country.3.4.2 PROFITABLITY RATIOSGross Profit MarginThe gross profit tolerance changed a little over the three years, this is because of the highly effective and expeditious cost management of Next Plc. Revenue has increase over the years but the cost of sales hasnt changed much, proving that the group is cutting down its cost to save its customers from higher prices.In 2009, even under the tense economic conditions, the group has managed to decrease its cost of sales by 0.7% from 2380m in 2008 to 2,363m in 2009. This became possible due to the effective supplier management and good buying terms with its suppliers, even though pound got weaker against dollar and euro, which are the two main purchasing currencies of the group and higher tax rates, Next Plc aimed at reducing its be rather than charging its customers with higher prices. Their response has been excellent,working hard with our suppliers to protect our customers from unaffordable price increases and our own edges, as far as possible. ( John Barton, Chairman Next Plc, Annual Report 2009)Marks and Spencers G.P margin was 38.6%% in 2008 and this diminish to 37.2% in 2009. This shows that the economic conditions were affecting everyone. But still GP margin of Marks and Spencers is better than Next. This is due to the increased amount of revenue generated by Marks and Spencers over the years from 2007 to 2009, in contrast with Next Plc. acquit Profit MarginIn 2008 net profit increased by 0.68% from 15.45% in 2007 to 16.13% in 2008. This was mailny due to the increase in revenue and effective management of overhead costs. In 2009, net profit declined by 9.3% from 16.13% in 2008 to 14.62% in 2009. Along with the weak economic environment and the decline in sales, an other reason for this decline was the 39.9% increase in the overhead costs since 2008. This increase in the cost was due to the overseas expansion of the operations and the investment to strenghthen the Next brand.We are also extending the Next Brand into new overseas markets where we believe there are opportunities to build profitable businesses. If this is successful it will bring new sources of growth over the longer term. (John Barton, Chairman Next Plc, Annual Report 2008)Our goal has been to put a little of the magic back into the Next Brand through our product ranges, marketing and shopfit (Simon Wolfson, CEO Next Plc, Annual Report 2008)In contrast to this, the lucre Profit Margin of Marks and Spencers is quite low as compared to Next Plc. It showed a varied trend over the three year period, being 10.9% in 2007, increasing to 11.8% by the year ended March 2008. In 2009, net profit declined by 22.16% from 11.8% in 2008 to 9.6% in 2009. Marks and Spencers incurs a very high c ost on its admin, selling and general expenses amouting to well-nigh 2400m on average every year where as, Next Plc incurs just 345m a year.Return on Capital EmployedThe return on dandy employed (ROCE) assesses profits with the amount of funds ( capital of the United States) employed to make the profits. This increased from 49.77% in 2007 to -53.27% in 2008. This represents an increase of 3.5%. But due to the economic unstability, the group could not maintain its high ROCE over the years and it declined by 9.85% from 53.27% in 2008 to 43.42% in 2009.On the other hand Marks and Spencers ROCE in 2008 increased by 0.44% to 22.37%. In 2009, it declined by 9.75% to 12.62%. This difference shows that Next is managing its resources much better, in spite of the fact that the revenue generated by Next Plc is approximately 37% write down than Marks and Spencers. The reason for a low ROCE for Marks and Spencers is the high overhead costs. It must control its costs in order to generate a hi gher return and free up additional extra capital invested.3.4.3 LIQUIDITY RATIOSCurrent RatioThis is a measure of the adequacy of companys current assets to meet short-term liabilities as they fall due, i.e its a basic liqiudity ratio. A ratio between 1 and 2 thought to be a standard level of liquidity. Next Plcs current ratio was 1.33, 1.11 and 1.50 in 2007, 2008 and 2009 respectively. This shows a healthy situation of the group as it has more current assests than its current liabiliteis as the ratio is greater than 1, therefore there does not front to be any alarming situation for the group.If we compare the ratio of 1.50 in 2009, with the industry average of 1.93, it is very reasonable for the group but it can be improved by more efficient working capital management.Comparing the ratio to Marks and Specers, it was 0.52,0.59,0.60 respectively in 2007,2008 and 2009. This is because Marks and Spencers have a relatively high amount of current liabilities than Next Plcs, almost 30% m ore in year 2009. fast RatioThis differs from current ratio as it eliminates inventory from current assets providing a more expedient position of the company to hang its immediate liabilities. Norms for quick ratios range from 0.7 to 1. Quick ratio of less than this is seen as a signal of illequidity. However, the trend of the ratio over time and comparison with the sector average are the most important indicator, as they are with current ratio aswell.Next Plcs quick ratio has been 0.82, 0.54, 0.93 for 2007 2008 and 2009 respectively.The ratio had a sharp decline in 2008 because of the 242.7m short term debt raised by the company during the year in order to expand internationally.In 2009, the ratio was 0.93 which is quite good as compared to the industry average of 1.35.In comparison Marks and Spencers quick ratio was 0.22, 0.25, 0.30 in 2007, 2008 and 2009. This is quite alraming for the company as compraed to Next or the industry average, as it is very low. This is maily due to the high amount of debt finance invested in the group. This can be an alrming situation for the group as it can lead to illiquidity.This trend shows that Next Plcs in a better liquidity position and it may not face any problem settling short-term debts, whereas there may be pressure on Markss and Spencers suppliers. It indicates that Next Plc is making better use of its working capital.3.4.4 GEARING RATIOSCapital Gearing RatioThis indicates the extent to debt finance involved in a business. Next Plcs gearing ratio changed from 74.26% in 2007 to 111.22% in 2008 and 81.5% in 2009, whereas Marks and Spencers gearing ratio was 50.71% , 58.9%, 59.3% in 2007 2008 and 2009 respectively.In 2008, gearing ratio crossed over a atomic number 6% for Next Plc because of high level of debt taken by the group in order to finance the expansion and it exceeded the level of equity present in the group.We continued to invest in the Next Brand, spending 39m refitting stores, maintaining advertising spe nd and improving the quality and design of our clothing and Home ranges (Simon Wolfson, CEO Next Plc, Annual Report 2008)Interest coverThe interest coverage ratio indicates the extent of which earnings are available to meet interest payments. An interest cover ratio of more than 3 generation is considered safe as even if profits are reduced to half the company will still be able to meet its financing costs.Next Plcs had a very high interest cover of 15.37 in 2007. It then lessen to 12.38 and 9.74 in 2008 and 2009.On the other hand, the interest cover of Marks and Spencers showed a varied trend. It increased to 10.15 from 9.14 in 2008 and then decline by 51.6% to 5.24 times in 2009.Interest covere declined for both the companies in 2009. This was mailny due to the financial crisis the economy of UK is going through, but still it is much more than the safety margin i.e 3 times, therefore both the companies are in the position to settle their financial obligations.3.5 INVESTOR OUTLOO KThe earnings per share measures how much profit afterward tax is made for each individual share.(EPS) has been quite high for the group despite of the fall in the revenue in the 2009.The EPS of the group was 127.4p and it increased by 15.4% from 146.1p in 2007 to a record high of 168.7p in 2008. In 2009, EPS fell to 156p due to the fall in revenue.The continued use of overplus capital to buy back shares has again enabled us to deliver topping growth in earnings per share, our main financial objective ( John Barton, Chairman, Next Plc, Annual Report 08)The dividend per share of Next Plc was 44p and it then increased by 12.24% from 49p in 2007 to 55p in 2008. The group managed to maintain the same dividend per share of 55p in 2009, which is covered 2.8 times by earnings.Marks and Spencers EPS was 39.1p in 2007 and increased to 49.2p in 2008 before declining to 32.3p in 2009. The dividends per share were 18.3p, 22.5p, 17.8p in 2007,2008 and 2009 respectively.Despite having a very h igh EPS, the dividend payout ratio of Next Plc is much lower than Marks and Spencers. It was 33.5%, 32.6%, 35.2% in 2007,2008 and 2009 while the ratio of Marks and Spencers was 46.8%, 45.7%, 55.2% in 2007,2008 and 2009.This shows that Next Plc retains much of its profit as compared to Marks and Spencers. This can turn out to

Child With Failure To Thrive Health And Social Care Essay

Child With sorrow To Thrive Health And societal Cargon raiseIn this surveil article, the definition, etiology, paygrade, differential diagnoses, man long timement, pr nonethelesstion and prognosis of bolture to dilate are discussed.Failure to prosper (FTT) is a common problem in paediatric practice, affecting 5-10% of under-fives in true countries with a higher incidence in developing countries. Majority of cases of FTT are payable to a combine of nutritional and environmental deprivation secondary to provokeal poverty and/or ignorance. M from each one babys with FTT are non identify. The key to diagnosing FTT is finding the era in busy clinical practice to accu steply measure and diagram a childs heaviness, top of the inning and cope circuit, and then assess the trend. In the paygrade of the child who has failed to extend, three initial steps required to develop an frugal treatment-centred progress are (i) A thorough annals including itemized psychosocial review, (ii) Careful physiological examination and (iii) Direct observation of the childs conduct and of parent-child interaction. Laboratory evaluation should be guided by annals and tangible examination findings only. Once FTT is identified in a fall aparticular child, the man seasonment should begin with a detailed hunt for its etiology. Two principles that hold true irrespective of aetiology are that solely children with FTT need a high- calorie diet for catch-up proceeds (typically 150 part of their caloric requirement for their expected, not actual cargo) and all children with FTT need a careful follow up. Social issues of the family must overly be addressed. A multidisplinary access code is recommended when FTT persists despite intervention or when it is severe. Overall, only a one- third base of children with FTT are ultimately judged to be normal.Keywords Failure to thrive, proceeds deficiency, undernutrition.INTRODUCTIONAlthough the landmark failure to thr ive (FTT) has been in use in the aesculapian idiom for quite some cartridge c mouthpiece now, its precise definition has remained debatable1. consequently, early(a) basis such as undernutrition1 and issue deficiency2 feature been proposed as preferable. FTT is a descriptive term applied to young children physical reaping is little than that of his or her peers.3 The growth failure whitethorn begin either in the neonatal period or afterward a period of normal physical increase.4 The term FTT is not, in itself, a affection exclusively a prognostic or sign common to a wide variety of disorders which whitethorn have little in common except for their negative act on growth.5 In this regard, a cause must al focal points be sought.Often, the evaluation of children who fail to thrive pose a difficult diagnostic problem. Some of the difficulties result from the numerous differential diagnoses, the definition use or misdirected tendency to search aggressively for underlie or ganic maladys while neglecting aetiologies ground on environmental deprivation.6 In addition, early accusations and alienation of the childs parents by the wellness-care supplier impart make the evaluation and man long timement of the child who has failed to thrive more difficult.7In general, factors that influence a childs growth take on (i) A childs nutritional status (ii) A childs health (iii) Family issues and (iv) The parent-child interactions.3,8,9 All these factors must be considered in evaluation and man mountment of child who has failed to thrive. This paper presents a simplified but detailed cost to the evaluation and management of the child with FTT.DEFINITIONThe trounce definition for FTT is the one that refers to it as inadequate physical growth diagnosed by observation of growth over time using a metre growth chart, such as the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) growth chart.10 All authorities agree that only by comparing raising and fish on a grow th chart over time can FTT be assessed accurately.11 So far, no consensus has been reached concerning the specific anthropometrical criteria to circumscribe FTT.11 Consequently, where serial anthropometric records is not available, FTT has been variously outlined statistically. For instance, some authors defined FTT as weight under the third percentile for age on the growth chart or more than devil standard deviations below the mean for children of the same age and sex1-3 or a weight-for-age (weight-for-hieght) Z-score less than electronegative two.1 Others cite a downward change in growth that has cover two major growth percentiles in a hornswoggle time.3 bland early(a)s, for diagnostic purposes, defined FTT as a disproportionate failure to hit weight in comparison to aggrandisement without an apparent aetiology.6 Brayden et al.,2 suggested that FTT should be considered if a child less than 6 months old has not grown for two consecutive months or a child older than 6 mont hs has not grown for three consecutive months. Recent research has validated that the weight-for-age approach is the simplest and close to reasonable marker of FTT.12Pitfalls of these definitionsOne limitation of using the third percentile for defining FTT is that some children whose weight fall below this coercive statistical standard of normal are not failing to thrive but represent the three percent of normal population whose weight is less than the third percentile.5,6 In the maiden 2 years of life, the childs weight changes to follow the genetic predisposition of the parents height and weight.13,14 During this time of transition, children with familial short stature whitethorn cross percentiles downward and still be considered normal.14 more or less children in this category find their true curve by the age of 3 years.6,14 When the percentile drop is great, it is helpful to compare the childs weight percentile to height and head circumference percentiles. These should be c onsistent with the position of height and head circumference percentiles of the patient.5 Anformer(a) limitation of the third percentile as a criterion to define FTT is that infants can be failing to thrive with marked deceleration of weight gain, but they remain undiagnosed and in that locationfore, untreated until they have fallen below the arbitrary third percentile.6 These normal lower-ranking children do not demonstrate the disproportionate failure to gain weight that children with FTT do.6 This approach attempts not only to prevent normal small children from be incorrectly labeled as failing to thrive, but also excludes children with ghoulish proportionate short stature.14 Having excluded these easily distinguishable disorders from the differential diagnosis of FTT, simplifies the approach to evaluation of the child who has failed to thrive.6A more encompassing definition of FTT acknowledges any child whose weight has fallen more than two standard deviations from a prev ious growth curve.3,15,16 Normal shifts in growth curves in the first 2 years of life will result in less severe decline (i.e, less than 2 SD).13Some authors have even limited the definition of FTT to only children less than 3 years old17,18 A precise age limitation is arbitrary. However, most children with FTT are under 3 years of age.6,8EPIDEMIOLOGYIn young children, FTT which does not reach the severe continent syndrome of marasmus is common in all societies.19 However, the true incidence of FTT is not cognize as many infants with FTT are not identified, even in developed countries.20-22 It is estimated to affect 5 10% of young children and approximately 3 5% of children admitted into teaching hospitals.3,5,23 Mitchell et al,24 using multiple criteria found that nearly 10% of under-fives tending primary health care centre in the United States showed FTT. just about 5% of paediatric admissions in United Kingdom are for FTT.4 The preponderance is even higher in developing co untries with wide-spread poverty and high evaluate of malnutrition and/or HIV infections.3,19 Children born to single teenage mothers and useing mothers who work for long hours are at increased chance.22 The same is true of children in institutions such as orphanage homes and homes for the mentally retarded5,22 with an estimated incidence of 15% as a group.5 down the stairs- cater is the single commonest cause of FTT and results from parental poverty and/or ignorance.19,22,24 cardinal five percent of cases of FTT are callable to not full fare world offered or taken.25 The peak incidence of FTT occurs in children between the age of 9 24 months with no significant sex difference.22 Majority of children who fail to thrive are less than 18 months old.3 The syndrome of FTT is uncommon after the age of 5 years.3,22AETIOLOGYTraditionally, causes of FTT have been classified as non-organic and organic. However, some authors have stated that this terminology is mis starring(p).27 Th ey establish their opinion on the fact that all cases of FTT are produced by inadequate forage or undernutrition and in that context, is organically determined. In addition, the distinction based on organic and non-organic causes is no overnight favoured because many cases of FTT are of mixed aetiologies.3Based on pathophysiology (the preferred potpourri), FTT whitethorn be classified into those due to (i) light caloric intake (ii) Inadequate absorption (iii) increase caloric requirement and (iv) Defective utilization of calories. This classification leads to a logical organization of the many conditions that cause or collapse to FTT.10Non organic (psychosocial) failure to thriveIn non-organic failure to thrive (NFTT), there is no known checkup examination condition causing the poor growth. It is due to poverty, psychosocial problems in the family, maternal deprivation, lack of knowledge and skill in infant nutrition among the care-givers5,11. Other risk of infection fa ctors include substance abuse by parents, single parenthood, general immaturity of one or both parents, economic stress and strain, temporary stresses such as family tragedies (accidents, illnesses, deaths) and marital disharmony.6,8,22 Weston et al,28 reported that 66% of mothers whose infants failed to thrive has a positive tale of having been abused as children themselves, compared to 26% of controls from similar socioeconomic background. NFTT accounts for over 70% of cases of FTT.6 Of this number, approximately one-third is due to care-givers ignorance such as incorrect victuals technique, improper preparation of look or misconception of the infants nutritional needs,29 all of which are easily corrected. A coating look at these risk factors for NFTT suggest that infants with growth failure may represent a flag for serious social and psychological problems in the family. For example, a depressed mother may not feed her infant adequately. The infant may, in turn, become with drawn in response to mothers first and feed less sound.10 Extreme parental attention, either neglect or hypervigilance, can lead to FTT.10Organic failure to thriveIt occurs when there is a known underlying medical cause. Organic disorders causing FTT are most commonly infections (e.g HIV infection, tuberculosis, intestinal parasitosis), gastrointestinal (e.g., chronic diarrhoea, gastroesophageal reflux, pyloric stenosis) or neurologic (e.g., cerebral palsy, mental retardation) disorders.6,19,22 Others include genitourinary disorders (e.g., hinder(prenominal) urethral valve, renal tubular acidosis, chronic renal failure, UTI), congenital midsection disease, and chromosomal anomalies.6,7 Together neurologic and gastrointestinal disorders account for 60 80% of all organic causes of under nutrition in developed countries.30 An all important(predicate) medical risk factor for under nutrition in childhood is premature redeem.1 Among preterm infants, those who are small for gestati onal age are curiously vulnerable since antenatal factors have already exerted deleterious effect on somatic growth.1 In societies where lead poisoning is common, it is a recognized risk factor for poor growth.5,31 Organic FTT virtually never presents with isolated growth failure, other signs and symptoms are generally evident with a detailed taradiddle and physical examination.32 Organic disorders accounts for less than 20% of cases of FTT.6Mixed failure to thriveIn mixed FTT, organic and non organic causes coexist. Those with organic disorders may also suffer from environmental deprivation. Likewise, those with severe undernutrition from non-organic FTT can develop organic medical problems.FTT with no specific aetiologyReview of the literature on FTT imply that in 12 32% of cases of children who have failed to thrive, no specific aetiology could be established.23,33-34Causes of failure to thriveA. Prenatal cases (i) Prematurity with its complication (ii) cyanogenic exposure in utero such as alcohol, smoking, medications, infections (eg rubella, CMV) (iii) Intrauterine growth childbed from any cause (iv) Chromosomal abnormalities (eg Down syndrome, Turner syndrome) (v) Dysmorphogenic syndromes.B. Postnatal causes based on pathophysiologyA. Inadequate caloric intake which may result fromi. Under feedingIncorrect preparation of formula (e.g. too dilute, too concentrated).conduct problems affecting eating (e.g., childs temperament).Unsuitable feeding habits (e.g., uncooperative child) meagreness leading to food shortages.Child abuse and neglect.Mechanical feeding difficulties e.g., congenital anomalies (cleft lip/palate), oromotor dysfunction.Prolonged dyspnoea of any causeB. Inadequate absorption which may be associated withMalabsorption syndromes e.g. Celiac disease, cystic fibrosis, cows milk protein allergy, giardiasis, food predisposition/intoleranceVitamins and mineral deficiencies e.g., zinc, vitamins A and C deficiencies.Hepatobiliary diseases e. g., biliary atresia.Necrotizing enterocolitisShort gut syndrome.C. Increased Caloric requirement due toHyperthyroidism continuing/ perennial infections e.g., UTI, respiratory tract infection, tuberculosis, HIV infectionChronic anemiasD. Defective manipulation of CaloriesInborn errors of metabolism e.g., galactosaemia, aminoacidopathies, organic acidurias and storage diseases.Diabetes inspidus/mellitusRenal tubular acidosisChronic hypoxaemiaClinical manifestations of FTT3,22Commonly the parents/care-givers may complain that the child is not ontogenesis well or losing weight or not feeding well or not doing well or not like his other siblings/age mates. Usually FTT is discovered and diagnosed by the infants physician using the birthweight and health clinic anthropometric records of the child.The infant looks small for age. The child may exhibit qualifying of subcutaneous fat, reduced muscle mass, thin extremities, a narrow face, bad ribs, and wasted buttocks, Evidence of neglecte d hygiene such as serviette rash, unwashed skin, overgrown and dirty fingernails or unwashed clothing. Other findings may include avoidance of eye contact, lack of facial expression, absence of fondling response, hypotonia and assumption of infantile posture with clenched fists. There may be marked preoccupation with thumb sucking.EVALUATIONA. Initial evaluationIt has been proposed that only three initial investigations are required to develop an economical, treatment-centred approach to the child who presents with FTT and this include35 (i) A thorough history including an itemized psychosocial review (ii) Careful physical examination including determination of the auxological tilts and (iii) Direct observation of the childs behaviour and of parent-child interactions.The Psychosocial Review The psychosocial history should be as thorough and organisationatic as a classic physical examination Goldbloom35 suggested that the interviewers should ask themselves three questions about e very family (i) How do they look (ii) What do they say and (iii) What do they do?a. HISTORY(1) Nutritional historyNutritional history should include details of breast feeding to get an idea of number of feeds, time for each feeding, whether both breasts are given or one breast, whether the feeding is continue at night or not and how is the childs behaviour before, after and in between the feeds. It would give an idea of the adequacy or inadequacy of mothers milk. If the infant is on formula feeding Is the formula prepared correctly? disregard milk feed will be poor in calorie with excess water. Too concentrated milk feed may be unpalatable leading to refusal to drink. It is also essential to know the score amount of money of the formula consumed. Is it given by bottle or cup and take? Also assess the touch sensationing of the mother e.g., ask how do you feel when the baby does not feed well? Time of introduction of complementary color feeds and any difficulty should be noted.V itamin and mineral supplement when started, type, amount, duration.Solid food when started, types, how taken.Appetite whether the appetite is temporarily or persistently impaired (if prerequisite calculate the caloric intake).For older children enquire about food likes and dislikes, allergies or idiosyncracies. Is the child fed forcibly? It is desirable to know the feeding rule from the time the child wakes up in the morning till he sleeps at night, so that one can get an idea of the total caloric intake and the calories supplied from protein, fat and carbohydrate as well as adequacy of vitamins and minerals intake.(2) past times and current medical historyThe history of prenatal care, maternal illness during pregnancy, identified fetal growth problems, prematurity and birth weight. Indicators of medical diseases such as vomiting, diarrhoea, fever, respiratory symptoms and fatigue should be noted. Past hospitalization, injuries, accidents to evaluate for child abuse and neglect. S tool pattern, frequency, consistency, presence of blood or mucus to exclude malabsorption syndromes, infection and allergy.(3) Family and social historyFamily and social history should include the number, ages and sex of siblings. Ascertain age of parents (Down syndrome and Klinerfelter syndrome in children of elderly mothers) and the childs enter in the family (pyloric stenosis). Family history should include growth parameters of siblings. Are there other siblings with FTT (e.g., genetic causes of FTT), family members with short stature (e.g. familial short stature). Social history should determine occupation of parents, income of the family, identify those caring for the child. Child factors (e.g., temperament, development), parental factors (e.g., depression, interior(prenominal) violence, social isolation, mental retardation, substance abuse) and environmental and societal factors (e.g., poverty, unemployment, illiteracy) all may contribute to growth failure.5 Historical evalu ation of the child with FTT is summarized in plug-in 1.(b) PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONThe four main goals of physical examination include (i) identification of dysmorphic features suggestive of a genetic disorder impeding growth (ii) detection of under lying disease that may impair growth (iii) estimate for signs of mathematical child abuse and (iv) assessment of the severity and possible effects of malnutrition.36,37The basic growth parameters such as weight, height / distance, head circumference and mid-upper-arm circumference must be measured carefully. Recumbent length is measured in children below 2 years of age because rest measurements can be as such(prenominal) as 2cm shorter.36,37 Other anthropometric data such as upper-segment-to-lower-segment ratio, sitting height and arm thwart should also be noted. The anthropometric index used for FTT should be weight-for-length or height. Mid-parental height ( miles per hour) should be determined using the formula.40For boys, the form ula isMPH = FH + (MH 13)2For girls, the formula isMPH = (FH 13) + MH2In both equations, FH is fathers height in centimetres and MH is mothers height in centimetres. The target range is calculated as the MPH 8.5cm, representing the two standard deviation (2SD) confidence limits.14Assessment of grade FTTThe degree of FTT is usually measured by calculating each growth parameter (weight, height and weight/height ratio) as a percentage of the modal(a) value for age based on grant growth charts3 (See turn off 3)Table 3 Assessment of degree of failure to thrive (FTT) harvesting parameterDegree of Failure to ThriveMildModerate unspeakable incubus75-90%60 -74%Height90 -95%85 89%Weight/height ratio81-90%70 -80%Adapted from Baucher H.3It should be noted that appropriate growth charts are often not available for children with specific medical problems, therefore serial measurements are peculiarly important for these children.3 For premature infants, correction must be made for the ex tent of prematurity. Corrected age, rather than chronologic age, should be used in calculations of their growth percentiles until 1-2 years of corrected age.3Table 2 Physical examination of infants and children with growth failure.Abnormality diagnostic Consideration life-sustaining signsHypotensionHypertensionTachypnoea/TachycardiaAdrenal or thyroid insufficiencyRenal diseasesIncreased metabolic demandSkinPallorPoor hygieneEcchymoses monilia diseaseEczemaErythema nodosumAnaemaNeglectAbuseImmunodeficiency, HIV infectionAllergic diseaseulcerative colitis, vasculitisHEENTHair lossChronic otitis mediaCataractsAphthous stomatitisThyroid enlargementStressImmunodeficiency, structural oro- facial defectCongenital rubella syndrome, galactosaemiaCrohns diseaseHypothyroidismChestWheezescystic fibrosis, asthmaCardiovascularMurmurCongenital heart disease(CHD)Abdomen distension hyperactive Bowel sound HepatosplenomegalyMalabsorptionLiver disease, glycogen storage diseaseGenitourinaryDiaper rash esDiarrhoea, neglectRectumEmpty ampullaHirschsprungs diseaseExtremitiesOedema going of muscle mass ClubbingHypoalbuminaemiaChronic malnutritionChronic lung disease, Cyanotic CHDNervous dodgingAbnormal deep tendon Reflexes teachingal defyCranial nitty-gritty palsyCerebral palsyAltered caloric intake or requirementsDysphagiaBehaviour and temperamentUncooperativeDifficult to feed.Adapted from Collins et al 41Growth charts should be evaluated for pattern of FTT. If weight, height and head circumference are all less than what is expected for age, this may suggest an aggravate during intrauterine life or genetic/chromosomal factors.2 If weight and height are delayed with a normal head circumference, endocrinopathies or original growth should be suspected.2 When only weight gain is delayed, this usually reflects upstart energy (caloric) deprivation.2 Physical examination in infants and children with FTT is summarized in Table 2.Failure to thrive due to environmental deprivationChildr en with environmental deprivation originally demonstrate signs of failure to gain weight loss of fat, prominence of ribs and muscles wasting, especially in large muscle groups such as the gluteals.6Developmental assessmentIt is important to determine the childs developmental status at the time of diagnosis because children with FTT have a higher incidence of developmental delays than the general population.36 With environmental deprivation, all milestones are usually delayed once the infant reaches 4 months of age.42 Areas dependent on environmental interactions such as language development and social adaptation are often disproportionately delayed. Specific behavioural evaluations (e.g., recording responses to approach and withdrawal), have been developed to help differentiate underlying environmental deprivation from organic disease.43 Assess the infants developmental status with a full Denver Developmental Standardized test.44Parent-child interactionEvaluate interaction of the p arents and the child during the examination. In environmental deprivation, the parent often readily walks extraneous from the examination table, appearing to easily abandon the child to the nurse or physician.6 There is little eye contact between child and parent and the infant is held distantly with little moulding to the parents body.6 Often the infant will not reach out for the parent and little affectionate touch sensation is noted.6 There is little parental display of pleasure towards the infant.6Observation of feeding is an integral part of the examination, but it is ideally done when the parents are to the lowest degree aware that they are being observed. Breast-fed infants should be weighed before and after several feedings over a 24-hour period since volume of milk consumed may vary with each meal. In environmental deprivation, the parents often miss the infants cues and may distract him during feeding the infant may also turn aside from food and appear distressed.6 Unn ecessary force may be used during feeding. Developing a portrait of the child-parent relationship is a key to directing intervention.11LABORATORY EVALUATIONThe role of laboratory studies in the evaluation of FTT is to analyze for possible organic diagnoses suggested by the history and physical examination.33,34 If an organic aetiology is suggested, appropriate studies should be undertaken. If history and physical examination do not suggest an organic aetiology, extensive laboratory test is not indicated.6 However, on admission full blood count, ESR, urinalysis, urine culture, urea and electrolyte (including calcium and phosphorus) levels should be carried out. Screen for infections such as HIV infection, tuberculosis and intestinal parasitosis. diminished survey is indicated if physical abuse is strongly suspected. In addition to being unproductive, blind laboratory fishing expeditions should be avoided for the following reason5,6 (i) they are expensive (ii) they impair the child s ability to gain weight in a new environment both by frightening him/her with venepuncture, barium studies and other stressful procedures and the no oral feeds associated with some investigations prevent him/her from getting enough calories (iii) they can be misleading since a number of laboratory abnormalities are associated with psychosocial deprivation (e.g., increased serum transaminases , transient abnormalities of glucose tolerance, decreased growth endocrine and iron deficiency)21 and (iv) they divert attention and resources from the more productive search for evidence of psychosocial deprivation. In one study, a total of 2,607 laboratory studies were performed, with an average of 14 tests per patient. With all tests considered, only 10(0.4%) served to establish a diagnosis and an extra 1% were able to support a diagnosis.34Further Evaluation(1) hospitalization insurance Although some authors state that most children with failure to thrive can be treated as outpatients,4, 5,11,45 I think it is best to hospitalize the infant with FTT for 10 14 days. Hospitalization has both diagnostic and therapeutic benefits. Diagnostic benefits of admission may include observation for feeding, parental-child interaction, and consultation of sub-specialists. Therapeutic benefits include administration of intravenous fluids for dehydration, systemic antibiotic for infection, blood transfusion for anaemia and possibly, parenteral nutrition, all of which are often in-hospital procedures. In addition, if an organic aetiology is discovered for the FTT, specific therapy can be initiated during hospitalization. In psychosocial FTT, hospitalization provides prospect to educate parents about appropriate foods and feeding styles for infants. Hospitalization is necessary when the prophylactic of the child is a concern. In most situations in our set up, there is no viable alternative to hospitalization.(2) Quantitative assessment of intake A prospective 3-day diet record shoul d be a standard part of the evaluation. This is useful in assessing under nutrition even when organic disease is present. A 24-hour food recall is also desirable. Having parents write down the types of food and amounts a child eats over a three-day is one way of quantifying caloric intake. In some instances, it can make parents aware of how much the child is or is not eating.11Table 4 Summary of risk factors for the development of failure to thriveInfant characteristicsAny chronic medical condition resulting in Inadequate intake (e.g, swallowing dysfunction, central nervous systemdepression, or any condition resulting in anorexia) Increased metabolic rate (e.g, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, congenital heartdisease, fevers) Maldigestion or malabsorption (e.g, AIDS, cystic fibrosis, short gut,inflammatory intestine disease, celiac disease). Infections (e.g., HIV, TB, Giardiasis)Premature birth (especially with intrauterine growth restriction)Developmental delayCongenital anomaliesIntra uterine toxin exposure (e.g. alcohol)Plumbism and/or anaemiaFamily characteristicsPovertyUnusual health and nutrition beliefsSocial isolationDisordered feeding techniquesSubstance abuse or other psychopathology (include Muschausen syndrome by proxy) ferocity or abuseAdapted from Kleinman RE.1Table 1 Summary of diachronic evaluation of infants and children with growth failurePrenatalGeneral obstetrical historyRecurrent miscarriagesWas the pregnancy planned?Use of medications, drugs, or cigarettesLabour, delivery, and neonatal eventsneonatal asphyxia or Apgar scoresPrematuritySmall for gestational ageBirth weight and lengthCongenital malformations or infectionsMaternal stick at birthLength of hospitalizationBreastfeeding supportFeeding difficulties during neonatal periodMedical history of childRegular physicianImmunizationsDevelopmentMedical or surgical illnessesFrequent infectionsGrowth history eyepatch previous pointsNutrition historyFeeding behavior and environment sensed sensiti vities or allergies to foodsQuantitative assessment of intake (3-day diet record, 24-hour food recall)Social historyAge and occupation of parentsWho feeds the child?Life stresses (loss of job, divorce, death in family)Availability of social and economic support (Special Supplemental Nutrition weapons platform forWomen, Infants and Children Aid for Families with Dependent Chi

Politeness

readiness1.0 Background of the studyOver the at long last three decades, elegantness has get one of the central discussions in pragmatical and sociolinguistic research. A large number of theoretical, empirical loudnesss and articles about linguistic niceness have been published, shows that well-behavedness has become one of the most industrious atomic number 18as of research in language use.Interest in niceness, both as a social and linguistic phenomenon, has increased significantly in the past times both decades. However, many studies have drawn on spoken data. exactly a few scholars have canvass discretion in compose texts such as scientific scripted materials. Myers (1989) initiated in his study the beat proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987) onto written data, namely that of scientific journal articles, and had install(a) this theory to applicable to investigate and categorise politeness strategies in scientific writing.The researcher hopes that this study is abl e to contri merelye to the existing pool of familiarity on politeness strategies used in academic writing, particularly that in the writing of sparing journal articles of two identify sparing journals.1.1 record of the ProblemThe main answer of this study is to indentify the politeness strategies employed by the economists and analyze the politeness kinds of strategies in frugal journals.1.2 Objective of the StudyThe verifiable of this study is1. To investigate how economists use language to present findings in polite way2. To investigates the use of politeness strategies in economics text3. To examine the use of politeness strategies in a topical anaesthetic and international economic journals1.3 Research Questions1) What kinds of politeness strategies are employed by writers in local anaesthetic and international economic journal articles?2) In what ways are local and international journals similar or different in the use of politeness strategies? 1.4 Scope and Limitatio n of The StudyThis present study is limited to two identified journals, namely, Malaysia ledger of Economic Studies and the day make of Economic Growth2. round off of Related LiteratureIt is possible to define generic types of politeness strategies to develop and predict the adoption of politeness in oral or written discourse. Brown and Levinson (1978), Myers (1989)2.1. Politeness and Scientific Articles an OverviewBrown and Levinsons (1987) theory of politeness has become the model against which most research on politeness defines itself. Brown and Levinson categorise politeness as either positive politeness or cast out politeness and tie both strategies to the importance of face in all(prenominal) culture. They define face as the public self-image that every member wants to bring for himself roughly the want to be unimpeded and the want to be sanction in certain respects. Politeness strategies are developed for the main purpose of dealing with FTA.Myers (1989) discovered that politeness strategies are employed explicitly in scientific articles, used to create and maintain a friendly air for relations, to close distance between authors and audiences and to mitigate the impact of impositions.Most of the scholars that had studied politeness in different perspectives shares the same opinion that linguistic politeness is generally associated with social behaviour as a strategic passage of arms avoidance, and the politeness strategies is an arrangement of behave strategies along a continuum from least polite to most polite, also allows them to engage in conflict- free communication,2.2 schoolman Journal as a GenreAn academic journal is a peer-reviewed periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. Academic journals serve as forums for the introduction and unveiling for scrutiny of new research, and the go over of existing research. Content typically takes the form of articles presenting original research, review articles, and book reviews. The function of a journal is to distribute knowledge.The Language of Economists in Journal Donald McCloskey, (19865) asserts that economists have two attitudes to their discourse, termed the official and unofficial, the explicit and implicit. He argues that economists in intrust dont follow the rules as laid down by this official methodology, but in reality argue using the unofficial, implicit rhetoric of economics.3.1. methodologySince the present study tries to focus on the analyzing the use of politeness strategies in written texts, the categories used by Myers (1989) adapted from Brown and Levinson (1987) proposed in their book Politeness Some Universal in language Usage as underlying theoretical structure. According to them, it is possible to define generic types of politeness strategies to explain and predict the adoption of politeness in oral or written discourse.3.2 CorpusCorpus lead consist of selected articles from local economic journ als, namely, Malaysia Journal of Economic Studies published by University Malaya/Malaysian Economic acquaintance and the Journal of Economic Growth by American Economic Association.These journals were chosen on recommendation by two University Malaya lecturers, Associate Profesor Dr. Rohana Abd. Jani and Dr. Rodia Talib, who are right away the two head of departments from the Faculty of Economics. They have assisted in identifying journals which are considered to be reputable and used frequently as references in the economic field.3.3 Sample SizeThe total number of articles lead be 10 articles, that is, five (5) from each of the selected economics journals. A minimum of 50,000 words is judge from the total number of articles. Systematic sampling technique will be employed in which the first article of every first edit of every year from 2004 to 2008 will be selected as corpus from all the identified local and international economic journals.3.4 info Analysis communication ana lysis will be the main qualitative tool in this study. The study will focus on analyzing the politeness strategies of the selected articles as expound earlier. The patterns of politeness strategies identified by Myers (1989) based on Brown and Levinson (1987) politeness framework will be the underlying theoretical structure.The corpus will be analysed and categorised as positive politeness, negative politeness, bald on record, off record strategies. The tactics employed will be identified such as the use of passives, nominalizations, hedges, acknowledgements, etc.All the politeness features will be coded and classification. The frequency of these strategies will be included in the presentation of the findings. The strategies found in both local and international journals will be compared to identify which politeness strategies are more than predominant and used more frequently.4.0 Gantt ChartScheduleAug 08Sept08Oct08Nov08Dec08Jan09Feb09Mac09Apr09Literature round offXXXData Collec tionXData AnalysisXXXWriting the reportXXXXFinalizingXXSubmissionXReferencesBrown, H.D. 2000. Principles of language learning and teaching (4th ed.), Longman, NYBrown, P., Levinson, S.C. 1978. Politeness. Some universals in language practice session (2nd ed. 1987). Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Dudley-Evans and Henderson. 1990. The language of Economics The Aanalysis of Economic Discourse. University of Birmingham. Macmillan publishers and the British Council.Gino Eelen. 2001. A Critique of Politeness Theories, St. Jerome Publishing, ManchesterGoffman Erving. 1967. Interaction Ritual Essays on Face to Face Behavior, Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago, ILMyers, Greg. 1989. The Pragmatics of Politeness in Scientific Articles. Jurnal of Applied Linguistics, vol.10. no. 1. Oxford University Press.Mc.Closkey, Donald.1986. The Rhetoric of Economics. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeRon Scollon and Suzanne W. Scollon. 2001. Intercultural communicating (second ed.), Blackwell, Malden, MARubinstein, Ariel. 2000. Economic and Languages. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeWatts, R.J. 2003. Politeness, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Comparing the Novel and Film Versions of Elizabeth Bowen’s The Heat of the Day :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Comparing the Novel and Film Versions of Elizabeth Bowens The hop up of the DayWhen reading Elizabeth Bowens 1949 novel, The Heat of the Day, and then, viewing the movie by the same title, large and small differences are noted. These differences are enough to muddle both the reading and the viewing interesting and not a deadening duplication. When comparing the opening sequences, the differences are striking. Bowens story begins with the interaction between the mysterious Harrison and the determined woman, Louie, in regent(postnominal)s Park the screenwriters version establishes all the characters and places the stories events into a chronological order that changes the preserve of the scene. By discussing the opening scenes in each media it becomes apparent that Elizabeth Bowen has more trustingness in her audience than the screenwriter has in his. Bowen assumes that the reader is capable of comprehending the previous scenes when written from the view of the minds eye. The screenwriter lacks dominance in his viewer and finds it necessary to lose the cloak and dagger tinge in order to make sure the story is understood. Elizabeth Bowens committal to writing is very descriptive. She takes great pains to ensure that her reader sees the environment in which her characters dwell as well as having a clear portray of the personalities and characteristics of each individual. In Chapter Ones opening two sentences, Bowen suddenly paints a portrait of autumn in Londons Regents Park. The readers mind easily drifts into an autumn fashion and remembers fond times of his life when the leaves gently floated down from trees overhead attempting to make do the earth in a riot of color. As Chapter One continues, Bowen establishes her locus in the park describing the open-air theatre with its walled thickets and tall trees, medical specialtyians performing the music of waltzes, marches and overtures, and the varying nationalities of people in attendan ce, not just the side of meat but visitors too. It is at this point that the reader first discovers the comic elements that forget be hidden throughout within the perplexing story. Bowen writes, mothers tired of creation mothers forgot their children as their children forgot them one held her baby as though it had been a dolly and then goes on to say, these were the English (4-5). Here is the dry tongue-in-cheek British humor that brings a quiet giggle to the surface or a smile to the face.

Expanation Of A Rose For Emily :: essays research papers

&8220A Rose for EmilyWilliam Faulkner wrote the short story &8220A Rose for Emily. It was published in 1930. The story was set in the Deep South, Jefferson to be precise. The time purpose was from 1884 to 1920. Emily Grierson was the important character in the story. Faulkner uses characterization to revel the character of Emily, he expresses the content of her character through physical description, through her actions, words, and feelings, through a narrator&8217s direct comments about the character&8217s reputation and through the actions, words, and feelings of other characters. In the story &8220A Rose for Emily, the main conflict was an external one, it was Emily Grierson versus ordering.The protagonist in the story was the town in which Emily lived in. Society expected her to behave in a certain direction like a lady because of the family background she came from. She apparently was raised in a wealthy family. The town saw Emily as &8220a go monument after her death (4 14). When she was alive, the town thought of her as &8220a tradition, a duty, and a care a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town(414). The town had no chose but to deal with Emily. When the town started to change Emily refused to do so and it was apparent that the town saw her house as &8220an eyesore among eyesores(414). The town was genuinely interested in her relationship with Homer Barron a foreman that was operative on the contract for paving the sidewalks in the town. They were pleased at frontmost but later they kind of had mixed feelings saying that she as &8220a Grierson would not think seriously of a Northerner, a day laborer(417).Emily is the adversary in the story, she is stuck in time, she absolutely refuses to change despite the fact that society was changing around her. She lives as a recluse for many days &8220No visitor had passed since she ceased giving china painting lessons eight or then years ago(414). Emily removed herself from society through her ac tions &8220after her founder&8217s death, she went out very little after her sweetheart went away, mountain hardly saw her at all(415). After the death of her father, Emily&8217s get against society was stronger than ever. This was evident with the tax situation, she did not want to pay her taxes because she had them remitted in the past and wasn&8217t going to change that fact.

Controlling Illegal Street Racing :: essays research papers

The gondola was invented around 1890, ever since then populate shed been trying to release the limits of the automobile. With the desire to push the limits of automobiles competition was created, and spawned belt along. Racing comes in many forms, from roofy track racing to squeeze racings. Many of these racing events be held in controlled areas and are sanctioned by governing bodies with rules and regulations to make the sport safe. The downside to this ruling of competition has created amateurs who try to duplicate racing in uncontrolled environments causing death and carnage. This brings us to the idea of path racing, it is a derivative of drag racing, but as the name implies it is done on the street. Since street racing takes place on unrestricted roads it is hard to control all variable that may occur resulting in crashes that involve innocent bystanders. there are ways however, to combat street racing and to help amateurs enrol in drag racing in controlled and saf e environments instead of public roads. Out of these many ways to combat street racing are two ways to help stop this problem. One of these ways is the sectioning of bare-assed drag strips, and racing events that are taken off the road and into areas that move become controlled environments. The other way is to implement stricter enforcement and more severe punishments for those caught street racing. Street racing arsehole be controlled if done correctly.Opening racetracks and get existing tracks to stay open longer and later for the people that usually race il legally is a step in the right direction. By opening tracks in and around large cities you make it easier for people who big businessman other wise partake in street racing and stake the lives of others. Often times in large metropolitan areas you would have to propel one, two, three, maybe even four hours away to find a legal drag strip. This makes it less convenient to people that are interested in racing and ultima tely leads them to just race where and whenever they can in the local anesthetic area. Another way is for organizations to help sponsor these types of events. They do not have to build a racetrack on every corner, but it is the idea, that you can make a large parking lot or grey-haired airport runway a legal and safe place for people to race. Some programs have had great success with this, for instance Race levelheaded holds events in southern California to help get the young kids that infix in dangerous street racing off of the streets and give them a safe and legal place to race.

Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour - A Big Story in a Small Space :: The Story of an Hour

Story of an Hour A Big Story in a Small Space Kate Chopins Story of an Hour, tells the composition of a woman trapped in a repressive marriage, who wants desperately to escape. She is minded(p) that chance, quite by accident, and the story tells of the hour in which this freedom is inc parameterd her. The story is very short (only two pages), so is interesting to facet at as a minimalist piece of literature, and the surprise result offers an opportunity to look at Chopins use of foreshadowing. The story is very short, still every word has import in the story and each line has great depth of meaning. It is possible to infer a great lead about the womans life, even though we are given very wee on the surface. A telegraph and a railroad are mentioned in the first paragraph, so there is some idea of the time the story takes place. We are in like manner given her married find and the full pertain of her husband. The fact that she is referred to only as Mrs. mallard, while h er husbands full name is given, coupled with what we learn on the second page, gives some indication of the repression shes had to prolong through and the indignity society placed on woman in those times. We also learn in the first paragraph that she lives in a mans world, for, though it is her sister that tells her the news, it is her husbands friend who rushes over with the story. Even after his death, she is confined to the structures she follow with married life, including the close friends of her husband. It can also be assumed that Brently Mallard was fairly well off, because they live in a home with an upstairs, lucky furnishings, and he has occasion and reason to travel. Also, they can afford a doctors diagnosing that she has a heart condition. The most important idea that is conveyed in the story is summed up in two sentences, near the end of the story, there would be no powerful will bending hers in that screen persistence with which men and women believe they have a right to lower a private will upon a fellow-creature. A kind end or a cruel intention made the act face no less a crime as she looked upon it in that outline moment of illumination.

Let The Circle Be Unbroken :: essays research papers

allow the Circle be UnbrokenWhen TJ pop offs a trial, the Logan children are precise smart because they think he will non be killed. Mama and dada disagree because the jury will be entirely pureness. Mr. Jaminson does and excellent commerce defending TJ. He had experiments, such as putting a glum stocking over his hand and showing it to Mrs. Barnett. He also had strong read that TJ did not commit the crime. At the end, TJ was found guilty, mostly because of the jurys prejudice. This part is a very crucial part of the novel because if TJ were not convicted, the Logan children would provoke not ridden up to strawberry and they would not do use the white bathrooms. This incident sets a sad tone for the rest of the novel. If TJ werent convicted, a majority of the rest of the book would deal with threats against TJ and how he deals with them. mayhap TJ would even get into more trouble with RW and Melvin.When Dube organizes a union with Mr. bicycler and John Moses, they all c ame to Mr. Logan for help. They asked him if he could sign up all of the muckle in his area. Their goal is to get plantation workers 50 cents from sunup to sundown. It looked wish Mr. Logan would go along with it until Mr. Wheeler blurts out that it would be a white and black union. Mr. Logan shows some resistance and never really lets Mr. Wheeler deal if he would do it or not.This turning point is important because later(prenominal) on in the book the Logans go to a meeting most the union. After that, the night men ambush the next meeting (Logans founding fathert attend). Dube, who was at the meeting, comes knocking on the Logans door asking for help. If this item would have not taken place, the second union meeting would have not gotten ambushed and all of those people wouldnt have gotten hurt. Dube wouldnt have knocked on the Logans door asking for help. The meeting could have been a triumph and the plantation workers (a.k.a. sharecroppers) would get 50 cents a day for wo rk.My opinion on this event is why even have meetings. The book did a very poor job explaining what Mr. Wheeler and John Moses talked about. In reality, would your pay get boosted from 4 cents a day to 50 cents a day peculiarly in time of depression?

Essay --

The bestselling novel To Kill a Mockingbird, scripted by Harper Lee is about a racist gray community in Maycomb, Alabama in the 1930s. At that time, southern states were good-tempered raci all in ally segregated. Harper Lee constructs her book by teaching all her readers about human standards. By presenting the good and bad in people. A major theme of this novel is the humankinds inhumanity toward the humankind. mavin character that is treated terribly was snicker Radley. sibilation Radley is a really obscure character in To Kill a Mockingbird. Not besides does the whole community treat him terrible, so does his whole family. hiss Radleys puzzle is the number one victim to treat Boo Radley terrible. Boo was going to be locked in jail for some trouble he got in when he was a teenager. Boos father cherished the punishment in his hands and locked Boo into the house till he was an adult. Boos father thinks of Boo as a violate to their family. Boo stabbed his father in the leg w ith scissors with all his aversion in him. Boos father was always a in truth cruel man. Another character that treated Boo terrible is his brother, Nathan Radley. Boo always communicates with the children, Jem and Scout, by the knothole of a tree. Nathan noticed that Boo was giving the children gifts, so he filled the knothole of the tree with cement. Boo has never communicated with anyone for almost 15 years, and Nathan prevented Boos chance to ever talk to someone and be friends with. Boo was treated terribly by the children also. The children thought Boo was a scary person. Every time they came to a path where Boo was fit(p) they would always be frightened by the rumors they heard about him. Boo was about six-and-a-half feet tall, judging from his tracks he dined on raw squirrels ... ...ayellas father sees turkey cock, Mayella insists that Tom raped her. She did a horrible thing and blamed Tom. Tom did all her chores for free of charge, and Mayella ruined his life by blaming Tom for something he did not do.Mrs. Merriweather is part of a missionary circle. Its a concourse of Christian women who are determined to help people suffering unretentive countries. They complain about her black servants, that they dont work large(p) or deserve their pay. They only pay little amount to their servants. They do not perform their Christian attitude toward other people. This pull aheads them an hypocrite because they make people believe that they are perfect Christians. Harper Lee teaches her readers something. It demo the good and bad in people. She shows the readers how racist people could be so cruel. This novel showed how humankinds inhumanity toward the humankinds.

Comparison of Romeo and Juliet and West Side Story :: comparison compare contrast essays

A Comparison of Romeo and Juliet and westmost placement Story. at that place is a lot in common in the midst of the two plays Romeo And Juliet and westmost status Story. The main male pieces ready some things in common. In fact, Toni and Romeo both(prenominal) miss the beginning employment at the beginning of the plays, they both dip in love and end up getting killed. The difference between the two is that Toni takes place in the 1950s, while Romeo happens in Elizabethan propagation (the late 1500s). The two main female characters also have many things in common. Juliet and maria both come from families that hate each others boyfriends families. Something that makes Juliet variant from Maria is that Juliet dies and Maria lives. In both of these plays the main male character kills a copulation of their lover. In Romeo And Juliet, Romeo kills Tybalta, Juliets cousin. In West Side Story, Toni kills Bernardo, Marias brother. There was a person in both plays th at tried to make peace. These state were the Prince and the Lieutenant. The Prince, from Romeo And Juliet, had told Romeo and Juliets families that if there was another riot that the heads of each family will be killed. The Lieutenant, from West Side Story, had told the Puerto Ricans and the Americans that if they get into another fight they all will have to go to jail. The difference between the two peace-makers is that the Prince has more power than the Lieutenant. In the story of Romeo and Juliet, Paris wants to marry Juliet against her wishes. Her father wants Paris West Side Story to marry Juliet. Juliet goes off and marries Romeo without telling anyone. In Chino wants to marry Maria against her wishes, just like Paris in Romeo and Juliet. Maria and Toni do not get married, which is in contrast to Romeo and Juliet. Marcucio in Romeo and Juliet, is killed while battling Tybalta. In West Side Story Riff is killed in a knife fight with Bernardo. Both deaths are acci dental and cause the heros ( Romeo and Toni) to kill the close relative of their lovers (Tybalta and Bernardo). Both stories conclude in the sad

The Methods of Iago in Shakespeares Othello :: Othello essays

The Methods of Iago in Othello         Through out the play of Othello Iago employ many techniques to get what he wanted and cardinal way or another he almost how all(a) most ever got what he wanted. His techniques were that of an everyday sneaky, conniving rubber guy, who ever so got volume to perpetrate him, more thanover the mortal that was closest to him. just the main overall techniques he utilise were 1)He gained the trust of people. Which was the number peerless technique, and from gaining their trust he could branch out form that and then he could bull the people he was compete into thinking that he was on their side even when he cleverness be on the black eye side. Another thing that he could do to people was to, from gaining their trust and reservation then think that he was on their side he could manipulate them and make believe them turn on for each one other. The other technique that he used which didnt nearly pl ay a role as coarse as the first technique unless was important was he was always very careful, in being detect and by covering his tracks. He knew how to take care of things in insecure situation. There was in my deliver personal opinion one more technique, and that was that he knew how to use all his options and could use his wits and cunningness.        Iagos number one technique was his ability to make people trust him. He had fair about everyone spun in Iagos web. Rodrigo, Othello, Cassio, Desdemona, genus Emilia, and etc. And he got every one of them to trust him, although he still hadnt got Emilia into his web fully. She still had suspicions about him. He could gain the trust of people as if it was nothing to him. He always when talking to that certain person said that he was on their side, devising a false trust that the person believed, and therefore trusted him. straightway most of the people he did this to it worked on. Such as Cass io calling him true(p) Iago and when Cassio got in that fight with Rodrigo, he believed that Iago was the only good, honest man on his side, even though he was the one who set him up.The Methods of Iago in Shakespeares Othello Othello essays The Methods of Iago in Othello         Through out the play of Othello Iago used many techniques to get what he wanted and one way or another he some how all most always got what he wanted. His techniques were that of an everyday sneaky, conniving bad guy, who always got people to trust him, except the person that was closest to him. But the main overall techniques he used were 1)He gained the trust of people. Which was the number one technique, and from gaining their trust he could branch off form that and then he could manipulate the people he was playing into thinking that he was on their side even when he might be on the opposite side. Another thing that he could do to people was to, from gaining their trust and making then think that he was on their side he could manipulate them and make them turn on each other. The other technique that he used which didnt nearly play a role as large as the first technique but was important was he was always very careful, in being discovered and by covering his tracks. He knew how to take care of things in precarious situation. There was in my own personal opinion one more technique, and that was that he knew how to use all his options and could use his wits and cunningness.        Iagos number one technique was his ability to make people trust him. He had just about everyone spun in Iagos web. Rodrigo, Othello, Cassio, Desdemona, Emilia, and etc. And he got every one of them to trust him, although he still hadnt got Emilia into his web fully. She still had suspicions about him. He could gain the trust of people as if it was nothing to him. He always when talking to that certain person said that he was on their sid e, making a false trust that the person believed, and therefore trusted him. Now most of the people he did this to it worked on. Such as Cassio calling him Honest Iago and when Cassio got in that fight with Rodrigo, he believed that Iago was the only good, honest man on his side, even though he was the one who set him up.